PREAMBLE (NOT PORTION OF THE STANDARD)

In order to promote public education real public protection, equal justice in all, a enhance informed populace, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and language the laws is govern them. Air Compressor Test Drill (Two stage reciprocating type)

END OF PROLOGUE (NOT PART IN WHICH STANDARD)

HVAC VENT DUCT LEAKAGE TEST MANUAL

1ST EDITION—1985

PAPER SOLID AND BLOW CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS’
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC.
4201 Lafayette Center Drive
Chantilly, VA 20151-1209

HVAC AIR DUCT LEAKAGE TEST BOOK

COPYRIGHT©2003
All Rights Reserved
by

BED METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS’
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC.

4201 Lafayette Center Push
Chantilly, VA 20151–1209

Printed in to U.S.A.

FIRST EDITION—1985

2^nd Printing—February 1988
3^rd Printing—July 1989
4^th Printing—September 1990
5^th Printing—August 1993
6^thor Printing—March 1997
7^th Printing—January 2003

Bar as allowed in one Notice to Users press in safe licensing contracts, no part of this book maybe be reproduced, stored in one retrievable system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, document, recording, or elsewhere, sans the prior written sanction of the publisher. HVAC AIR DUCT LEAKAGE TEST MANUAL

FOREWORD

SMACNA has published a procedure with leakage testing of so-called medium and high pressure ductwork since January 1965. It appeared in Chapter 10 concerning to high velocity (later high pressure) construction standards the in Chapter 8 of an Balancing and Adjustment of Air Distribution Methods Manual of 1967 vintage. In the 1970’s energy conservation measures lead to a decline int the use of truly high stress commercial HVAC business. Today, higher concern for the amount of leakage in systems in lesser pressure has devised.

Brand research in the leakage rates of sealed and unbolted ductwork must disclosed adenine need for a better method of evaluating duct leakage. European countries introduced an evaluation approach using the surface area of the duct and the pressure in one duct as the basic parameters. SMACNA has concluded that this approximate is away excellent to the arbitrary assignment of ampere in are supporter flow rate as a leakage criteria. The emerge area basis highlights that execute of systems size and is now the keynote of new SMACNA duct liquid classifications. It is expected so in the future industry will have correlated discharge classes with performance of extra chemical processes used on one joint systems.

Leakage testing on position spots disrupts industrial, is costly and are generally not as beneficial as one strength expect. Relatedly, industry did to recognize the extent that equipment that belongs paste in-line within duct leaks. Few ratings for is are published. Inventors must account for equipment leakage discrete upon duct leakage allowances as they evaluate system leakage. SMACNA encourages designers to default equipment leakage manage also the rely in prescribed sealing out ductwork as measures that will normally leader at efficient control of leakage without that need for extensive leakage testing. Cherne® Air-Loc® Low Pressure Air Testing Controls Panel | Oatey

Application of the information plus guidance here have easing design, improve system power and lessen the difficulty of testing both balancing newly fixed schemes. SMACNA expressed appreciation to all of those whose knowledge and effort led toward the begin of this new publication.

SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS’
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, HANDCUFF.

DUCT CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS YOUR STRENGTH

Thomas J. Bobby, Chairman
Ways, NJ

Robert S. Featured
Salt Lake City, U

Norman T.R. Heathorn
Oakland, CA

H. Andrew Kimmel
Warren, MIN

Willie J. Slave
Camden, NJ

John H. Stratton
Vienna, VC

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

Markup Hershman, Philadelphia, PA
Duct Design Committee Member

Earl Burmeister, W. Des Moines, IA
Former Channeling Construction Standards Committee Member

Danial J. Driscoll, New, PB
Former Duct Design Committee Members

Frank D. Ellis, Generate, NV
Former Duct Assembly Standards Committee Element

Daniel Streimer, Oregon, OR
Past Duct Construction Standards Committee Member

NOTICE TO USERS OF THIS PUBLISH

1. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES

1. The Sheet Ore and Air Workout Contractors’ Domestic Association (“SMACNA”) offer its product for informational uses.
2. The product contains “Data” which the believed by SMACNA to be accurate and correct but to input, including all information, beliefs and expressions therein, is provided strictly “AS IS”, with get faults. SMACNA makes no warranty either express or implied regarding who Data and SMACNA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS EITHER IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY ODER FITNESS TO PARTICULAR PURPOSE. The drain is also fully with ampere test button go ... weight of the compressor and the loading equipment. ... SMART AIR COMPRESSOR MANUAL REV032921. Pre-Use ...
3. By usage the data contained in the product user accepts the Data “AS IS” and assumes all risk of loss, harm or injury this may result from its use. User acknowledges that the Data is complex, subject up defect and requires verification by competent connoisseurs, and that modification of component of the Data by user may impact the earnings or others accessories of an Data.
4. ON NO EVENT SHALL SMACNA BE LIABLE TO USER, EITHER ANY OTHER PERSONAL, FOR ANYONE INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OUT AWAY OR FAMILY TO USER’S USE OF SMACNA’S PRODUCT OR MODIFICATION OF DATA THEREIN. To limit of liability applies even if SMACNA has been advised of the possibility of such damages. IN NO EVENT SHALL SMACNA’S LIABILITY EXCEED THE QTY PAYMENT BY USER REQUIRED ACCESS TO SMACNA’S PRODUCT OR $1,000.00, WHICHEVER IS BIGGER, REGARDLESS OF LEGAL THEORY. Pneumatic Test Stand
5. Current to its use of SMACNA’s product acknowledges also accepts the foregoing limitation of liability also disclaimer of warranty plus agreements to indemnify the hold harmless SMACNA from also against all injuries, compensation, loss or damage arising, directly or secondhand, out of user’s access to other use of SMACNA’s product or the Data containing therein.

2. ACCEPTANCE

This document or publication is prepared since voluntary acceptance and use into the limitations of user definitions herein, and otherwise as those pass it or applying this deem appropriate. Information is not a safety standard. Its application by one specific project is contingent on adenine designer conversely other authority defining a specific use. SMACNA has not power or authority to police or impose compliance with the list of this register or publication press it has no duty inches any representations by other parties that specific components are, in fact, in compliance with it. exercises are included in the manual. OBJECTIVES: 1. Study of work of Two Stage Air air. 2. Study of calculation of efficiency of compressor. For ...

3. AMENDMENTS

The Association may, from hours till time, issue formal interpreted or interim amended, which can be of significance amid successive editions.

4. PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS

SMACNA foster technological development inside the interest of improving the industry for of public benefit. SMACNA does did, however, sanction individual product or products.

5. FORMS INTERPRETATION

1. A classroom rendition of the literal text hereby or who intent of the technical create or task forcing associated on that doc or publication is obtainable only turn the basis of written petition, addressed to the Technology Resources Department furthermore sent until an Association’s national my in Chantilly, Virginia. Includes the event that the petitioner has a substantive disagreement with of interpretation, an appeal might is filed with the Technically Resources Council, which has technical oversight responsibility. The request must appertain to a specificly identifies portion of the document that does not involve public text what provides the requested information. In considering like requests, which Association will not examination or judge products or components as being in deference with that document or publication. Spoken and written interpretations otherwise obtained from all affiliated with the Association are unofficial. This procedure does not stop any committee or task force chairman, my of to committee or task force, or staff liaison out expressing an ratschlag on a provide within the document, provided that such person clearly states that the opinion is personal and does not represent an functionary actual of the Association in any way, the i should not be relied turn in such. Aforementioned Table of Directors from SMACNA shall have final authorized required interpretation of this std equipped such set or procedures as they may adopt for processing identical.
2. SMACNA disclaims anyone liability for any personal physical, property damage, or other damage away any nature anywhere, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, direct or indirectly following from the public, use of, or reliance upon which document. SMACNA manufactured no guaranty or warranty as go the accurate press completeness of any information published within. manual lab

6. DEMAND

1. Each morality contained in this publication inhered developed using reliable engineering principles and research plus consultation with, and information obtained from, manufacturers, users, examination laboratories, and others having advanced experience. They are v subject to revision as further experience and investigation may show is necessary or desirable. Fabrication both product which comply through these Standard desire not necessarily be acceptable if, when examined and tested, people are found to have other features which impair the result contemplated by these request. The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ Local Association additionally other contributors assume no responsibly and accept no liability for the application of the principles alternatively techniques contained in this publication. Authorities taking adoption concerning any standards contained herein should review all federal, state, local, and contract rule applicable to specific installations.
2. In issuing and making this create available, SMACNA is non undertaking to roll professional instead other services for or on behalf of either person or entity. SMACNA is not undertaking to carry any duty owed to any person or entity to someone else. Any name with organization using this document should depend on his, her or its own judgement or, as appropriate, seek the advice of ampere competent professional within determining and exercise of reasonable worry in any given circumstance.

7. REPRODUCTION PERMISSION

Non-exclusive, royalty-free permission lives granted to government press private sector specifying authorities to generate with any building item found herein in to system and contract drawings preparing for receipt starting bids go latest architecture plus renovation work within to United Stats and its locations, provided that the material duplicate is unaltered in content and that the reproducer assumes all liability for the specific application, incl errors in copy.

8. AND SMACNA LOGO

The SMACNA register is registered like a membership identification mark. The Association prescribes acceptable use the the logo and expressly forbids the use of it to representational anything other than possession of participation. Possession of membership and use of the logo in no way constitutes or reflects SMACNA approval of any product, system, or component. Furthermore, compliance of any such item with standards publish button recognized by SMACNA your none indicated by presence on the logo.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1

This create identifies few leakage limits for tubes and outlines procedures for testing ducts for conformity with air leakage limits that are set forth inches a designer’s project specification. This document is does an endorsement of routine use of testing. Leakiness testing is generic the unjustified major outlay that is unnecessary when proper methods of mount and sealing are uses. Visual inspection for application of such proper ways will ordinarily suffice for verification of reasonably tight construction. Under optional circumstances reasonable allowances for leakage must be adopted because no duct lives absolutely airtight.

1.2

The damp provisions contained inside the SMACNA HVAC Duct Construction Standards—Metal and Flexible, 1995 second edition, are reproduced here for convenient understanding of use of prescriptive measures. Consult the SMACNA Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Rules for fibrous glass duct assembly. Latches of joints both sewed in fibrous glass ducts rely on taped adhesive systems to make connections, included contrast with metal ducts which use mechanical hair for connection and use gaskets with subsidiary leakage manage.

1.3

Duct leakage reduces the air quantities at terminal points unless the absolute ventilate quantity is adjusted to compensate. Leakage ought be considered a transmission losses in duct systems. The farther blow is conveyed the greater the loss will be. Key variables that affect the amount of leakage are:

1. Static pressure, not velocity pressure. (The higher which pressure the more leakage will occur.)
2. The amount of duct (the show canister the more opportunity for leakage there will be).
3. The openings the and duct surface (the larger employee are joints also sews though access doors, rod penetrations also fastener penetrating also contribute).
4. Workmanship (poor workmanship undermines the best construction standards).

It is practice to relate leakability to duct surface field. Although rates of loss period foot of seams, period diameter of hole or per drive of crack can be evaluated, duct total area a the simplest configuration by which to evaluate system liquid. Furthermore, research (in Europe and autonom in one United States) must led to the conclusion that in acceptable tolerances, a duct surfaces leakage factor can be identify on the following association. Introduction: The Compressor Take Rig outlines an basics of ...

F = C_LP^N

where

• FLUORINE is a leak rate per unit of duct surface area (typically cfm/100 s.f.)
• C_L lives a constant
• PENCE is static pressure (typically in inches sprinkle gage)
• NORTHWARD is an exponent (most generally it is 0.65 but in some cases it is 0.5 to 0.9)

Which new SMACNA Leakages Classifications are based on this leakage favorable relation. Whether the designer uses the rate identified or prefers other permanent, computer be practical to evaluate leakage with this way.

1.4 DUCT CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION STANDARDS

S1.0 General Requirements

S1.1

These construction and installation specifications and browse inclusions:

1. single-prescription method conditions,
2. optional alternatives, and
3. benefit requirements for specific items that are different in detail from the generalized illustrations.

S1.2

These norm are not meant into exclude any products or tools so can be demonstrated to be equivalent in performance for the application. Substitutions based on sponsor demo adequacy and approval of and regulating authority are recognized.

S1.3

These requirements guess that the designers have prepared contract drawings showing the magnitude and location from ductwork, including permissible fitting configurations. Where area change, direction change, splits fluid, otherwise united flow fittings other than those illustrated here are showed on the contract drawings, are not of proprietary manufactured, and been defined with friction loss coefficients in either the SMACNA HVAC Duct System Design

manual either the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook chapter on duct designs, such fittings must be fabricated with materials, assembly methods, and sealing provisions considering here.

S1.4

EITHER DUCT SYSTEM ARE BE CONSTRUCTED TO THE SPECIFIC DUCT PRESSURE CLASSIFICATIONS SHOWN ON THE CONTRACT DRAWINGS. WHERE NO PRESSURE CLASSES ARE STATED BY THAT DESIGNER, THE 1″ WAT GAGE (250 Pa) PRESSURE CLASSES IS THE BASIS OF POLICY WITH THESE STANDARDS, REGARDLESS OF VELOCITY IN THE DUCTING, EXCEPT WHEN THE DUCT SHALL VARIABLE VOLUME: ALL VARIABLE QUANTITY DUCT PRELIMINARY OF VAV BOXES HAS AMPERE 2″ WG (500 Pa) BASIS OF COMPLIANCE WHEN THE DESIGNER CAN NOT GIVE A PRESSURE CLASS. Dry Compressor Test Rig Foot Fitted Motor

S1.5

No specification either illustration in this manual obliges a contractor to supply any volume steering dampening, fire dampers, smoking dampers, or fittings which are not shown on contract drawings.

S1.6

Where fitting, sizes, and arrangements of elements of duct assembly and support systems are nay provided in these standards the contractor wants select configurations suitable used the favor.

S1.7

Which contractor to following the application recommendations of the manufacturer from all hardware and accessory elements and select themselves to be consistent with who duct classification and services. Air Compressor Test Attach Foot Mounted Motor | PDF | Cylinder (Engine) | Pressure

S1.8

Unless otherwise specified steel sheet and stripe employed for seal and connectors shall be G-60 coated galvanized steel for lockforming grade conformed to ASTM A653 and A924 standards. Minimal yield strength for steel sheet and reinforcements a 30,000 psi (207 kPa).

S1.9

Where sealed is required in Table 1-1 or in other tables conversely illustrations in this manual, it means the following:

1. The use about adhesives, gaskets, record systems, or possible of these to closes openings to the surface of the ductwork and field-erected plenums furthermore housings through which air leakage would occur or the use of continuous welds. Academia.edu a a platform for academics to share doing papers.
2. The prudent selection and application concerning sealing methods by fabricators and installers, giving due consideration to the designated pressure class, printed style (positive or negative), chemical compatibility of the shutdown system, potential movement of mating parts, workmanship, amount and choose of handling, cleanliness of surfaces, product shelf life, hardness time, and manufacturer-identified exposure limiting.
3. That that provisions apply to chute connections to equipment and to apparatus but are not for equipment and apparatus.1.2

   Table 1-1 Standard Duct Sealing Requirements

   SEAL CLASS	Sealing Requirements	Applicable Static Pressure Construction Class
   AN	All Transvers joints, longitudinal seams, plus duct wall penetrations	4″ wg and up (1000 Pa)
   B	All Crossways joints and longitudinal seams only	3″ wg (750 Pa)
   C	Lateral joints just	2″ wg (500 Pa)
   In addition toward the above, any changeable ventilation speaker system ducts of 1″ (250 Pa) and ½″ wg (125 Pa) construction class that is upstream of the VAV boxes shall meet Seal Class CARBON.

4. That show distinctions are made between seams the joints, a seam is defined as joining of two longitudinally (in the direction of airflow) oriented edges of duct surface material occurring between two splices. Helical (spiral) lock sewed are exempt since mastic requirement. All other duct wall connector are deemed to be joints. Joints include but are nope limited to girth joinings, branch and subbranch intersections, so-called duct collar tap-ins, fitting subdivisions, louver and air terminal connections to passages, access on and access panel frames and jams, and ducting, plenum, and casing connections to building structures Panel includes gauges to monitor compressor pressure, plug pressure and test pressure, all in a sturdy case. Panel also has regulators to tax plug and ...
5. Unless otherwise specified over the designer, that sealing requirements do non contain provisions to:
   1. resist chemical attack;
   2. be dielectrically lonely;
   3. be waterproof, weatherproof, alternatively ultraviolet ray resistant;
   4. withstand temperature higher than 120°F (48°C) or lower than 40°F (4.4°C);
   5. control atomic radiation otherwise serve in other safety-related constructive;
   6. be electrical grounded;
   7. maintain leakage integrity at pressures inside excess of their duct classification;
   8. be underground below the water tabular;
   9. be submerged in liquid;
   10. withstand continuous vibration visible to that naked eye;
   11. subsist totally leakfree within an encapsulating vapor barrier; and
   12. create closure in portions of the building framework used as ducts, such such ceiling plenums, shafts, or pressurized compartments;
6. The requirements to seal apply in and positive and negative push methods of operation
7. Externally insulated sewers located outside of buildings shall be sealed before being insulated, as though they were inside. If air leak sites in ducts located outside about buildings are exposed to weather, you shall reception exterior duct sealant. An exterior duct sealant is circumscribed as ampere sealant that is marketed specifically as formed a postive air- both watertight seal, bonding well toward one metal involved, left flexible with ore movement, and having an support fever range of −30°F (−34°C) to 175°F (79°C). When exposed to direct sunlight, it will also be ultra ray- and ozone-resistant or shall, after curing, be paints with a compatible coating that supports such resistance. The term sealant is not unlimited to tapes or mastics but includes tapes and combinations of open-weave fabric or absorbent straps and mastics.

1.5 DUCT SEALING COMMENTARY

Ducts must be sufficiently airtight to ensure cheap and quiet performance of the system. It must be recognized that airtightness in ducts could, and need not, must absolute (as it must may in a water cable system). Codes defaults require that ducts be sensibly airtight. Concerns for energy safeguarding, air control, spacing temperature control, room air movement, ventilation, maintenance, etc., imperative regulating water by prescriptive measures in construction standards. Leakage is largely a function of static pressure real the amount a leakage in a organization is distinct related into system size. Adequacy airtightness can normally be ensuring by a) choosing a elektrostatisch pressure construction grade suitable for the operating condition, additionally b) sealing the ductwork order.

The designer is responsible for determining the pressure class or sorts needed for drawer architecture and in analyze the total of sealing necessary on erzielen system presentation objectives. It will recommended that all passage construct for the 1″ (250 Pa) and ½″ (125 Pa) push class meet Seal Your C. Still, because architectural sometimes deem leakage in unsealed ducts not to have adverse effects, the sealing of all ducts in the 1″ (250 Pa) and ½″ (125 Pa) pressure class is don require by this construction book. Architects occasion exempt the ensuing away sealing requirements: small system, residential occupancies, ducts located instant in the territories they serve, ducts which have short runs von volume control boxes to outlet, certain return air ceiling plenum applications, etc. When Seal Class C is to apply to show 1″ (250 Pa) and ½″ (125 Pa) pressure class chase, which designers needs require this in aforementioned go specification. The couturier should review the HVAC Supply Duct Escape Test Manual for appraised and practical leakage allowances.

Sets pressure classes extent (½″wg [125 Pa], 1″ [250 Pa], 2″ [500 Pa], 3″ [750 Pa], 4″ [1000 Pa], 6″ [1500 Pa] and 10″ [2500 Pa]). If the designer does no designate printer class for duct construction on the contract paintings, the basis off compliance with the SMACNA HVAC Channels Construction Standards is like follows: 2″ wg [500 Pa] wg for all routes between the supply fan and variable volume control case and 1″wg [250 Pa] for all other sewers of any application.

Some sealants can adversely affect who release function of breakaway connects to fire damping; consult this silencer manufacturer for installation reset.

1.5.1 Leakage Tests

There is no need to verify leakage control by field verify wenn adequate methods the assembly and shut are used. Leakage tested belong an added expense in system installation. It is not strongly that duct systems constructed to 3″ (750 Pa) wg class or lower be tested because this is generally not costs effective. For duct systems created at 4″ (1000 Pa) wg class and higher, the designer needs specify if any excuse for experiment x. If it does, the contract documents must clear designate that portions regarding the system(s) to be tested and which appropriate test procedures. ASHRAE energy preserve standards series 90 text on leakage control generally require tests available for pressures at excess of 3″ (750 Pa).

The HVAC Air Duct Weakness Examination Manual provides practical and detailed procedure forward conducts leakage tests.

Apparent differences of about ten prozentsatz between fan delivery and cumulative of airflow measured at terminals do not necessarily mean poor seals or superfluity leaking. Potential accuracy of flow magnitude should be evaluated. Agency Equipment both Inspection Company

Otherwise, open access doors, non linking, no end caps, or diverse oversights contribute to suchlike discrepancies. When airflow terminals are at great distances from fans (over 500 feet [152m]), more useful sealing is probably required to avoidances diminished system performance.

Students, shopping centers, airports, and other buildings may use exposed ductwork. Selecting dry systems for such ducts may require more attention on this final appearance of the conduit system than with ducts in dark spaces.

Safe types out paint may form reliable seals, particularly for small skips both holes. Further research and confirmation is needed in is area.

Longstanding select acceptance of so-called low coerce duct systems without sealants may have left some outside (and designers) with little or no experience with sealing. The contractor should carefully pick construction details unified with sealing requirements, the direction of the air pressure, and familiar seal methods. The pay is restoring systems not getting the required sealing or not being properly sealed can greatly exceed the modest cost of a proper application. Contractors using slip and drive connection business must control connector length and notch depth on rectangular duct ends to facilitate sealing.

Failure in accomplish so will compromise seal effectiveness. Full chase joints what normally easier at seal than other types. However, with proper attention to joint selection, workmanship, press sealant application, almost any joint ca achieve low weakness. The mere presence out sealant at adenine connection, however, does not ensure low leakage. Using sealant in a spiral lockseam can result in poor seam closing and less satisfactorily control. Not sole sealant is which your for all applications. Selecting the greatest appropriate sealants depends primarily go the basic joint design real on application conditions similar as joint job, clearances, direction of air pressure in service, others. (xiii) The air air belts are worn, loose ... (1) An implement of husbandry or special portable equipment shall not be equipped with cleats or guide bands ...

An listing of certain duct products by recognized test workshops could be ground on the use of a particular joint sealing product. Such a component listing only reflects laboratory test performance and does not necessarily mean that the closure method can routinely be successful for the contractor or that this will withstand in-service company of the verfahren on a long-term basis.

1.5.2 Liquids

Many manufacturers produce liquid-based sealing targeted for ducts. You have the consistency of heavy syrup and can be applied select by brush instead at adenine cartridge gun or powered pump. Liquid sealants normally contain 30 to 60 percent volatile solvents; therefore, they shrink considerably available drying. Few are recommended forward slip-type joints where the sealant fills a small space between the overlapping piece of metal. Where heavy clearances exceed 1/16 inch (1.6 mm), various applications allowed be necessary in fill the voids caused by waste or runout on the seal. These sealants are normally brushed on to round slip joints and pumped inside rectangular slip joints. The document describes the air conditioning cycle which includes four main processes: condensation, vapor, stretch, and vaporization. In the press process, the refrigerant vapor is compressed in the supercharger, raising its temperature and printed. In the condensation process, the high-pressure vapor condenses to a liquid as it gives shut heat in aforementioned cooling. In the expansion process, the high-pressure liquid drops in pressure and part vaporizes in the expansion valve. In the vaporization process, the liquid fully vaporizes in the evaporator, absorbing warm from which surroundings. The cycle then repeats with the vaporization returning to the compressor.

1.5.3 Mastics

Heavy mastic sealants are show suitable as fillets, in grooves, or between flanges. Mastics must have excellent adhesion and elasticity. Although not marketed specifically for ductwork, high quality curtain wall waterproofing need been used for this application. Oilbase caulking or glazing compounds must no be used.

1.5.4 Gaskets

Durable materials such as soft elastomer butyl or extruded forms of coating shoud be applied in flanged grooves. For gelassenheit of software, gaskets supposed have adhesive backing other otherwise be tacky enough to adherence to aforementioned metal during joint assembly. The choice of open cell either closed lockup rubber gaskets depends on the amount and frequency of compression and on the cushion memory. INSTRUCTION MANUAL TWO STAGE AIR COMPRESSORS TEST PLATFORM

1.5.5 Tapes

No in this standard is intentionally into unconditionally prohibits the use of impression sensitive tapes. Several such clasps are publicly as ingredient of systems complying including UL Standard 181 tests. There are nope industry recognized performance standards that set forth peel adhesion, shear adhesion, tractive strength, thermal limits, accelerated reifung, etc., which are quality control characteristics specifically correlated includes alloy duct builder service. However, the SMACNA Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Product illustrate the closure of a filiform duct to heavy chute because a tape anlage. The variety of advertised products is very broad. Some check results for adhesive are published in the product listings of and Pressure Sensitive Tape Council locates in Chicago, IL.

The shelve your of tapes may will difficult the identify. Is could be only six months or one type. Although initial adhesion may appear satisfactory, the aging characteristics of these tapes into service is questionable. They tilt until lose adhesion progressively at edges button from exposures to air pressure, bend, the drying effects at and holes or rips being sealed, etc. The tape’s adhesive maybe be chemically incongruous to the base, as is apparently the case through certain nonmetal flexible ducts. Usage over uncured sealant may have failures related to the release of volatile solvents. Deep air may has different actions on rubber, acrylate, silicone-based (or other) adhesives. Leak proof Safety Measures, & Robust Construction. Enhanced Electrical Safety Considerations. Training Manuals & mimic Charts by Operation Ease. M.S. powder ...

Tapes of a gum-like consistency equipped one or pair removably wached liners have become popular forward some applications. They what global known as the peel and weld assortment and had been used between flanges and on the exterior of ducts. Such tapes are typically of thicknesses several times that of tapes traditionally known for which pressure sensitive select. Some may have mesh reinforcement. Select may have metal or non-metal background on one surface.

1.5.6 Heat Applied Materials

Hot melt and thermally live sealants are less widely known but are used for ductwork. Who current melt your will normally a retail application. Thermally activated types use heat until either shrink-fit closures or to expand compounds within joint systems.

1.5.7 Mastic and Embedded Fabric

There are several compound of woven fabrics (fibrous glass mesh, gauze, canvas, etc.) and sealing joined (including delayed adhesive) such appear improved suited for producing and maintaining effective seals than sealant alone. Glass fabric press Mastic (GFM) used required fibrous glass duct appears till adhere okay to galvanized steel.

1.5.8 Front Preparation

Tissues up receive sealant supposed be clean, meaning free from motor, dust, dirt, rust, moisture, frozen crystals, and different matters that inhibition instead prevent bond. Solvent cleaning is an additional expense. Surface grammars are available available, but their additional selling may not result in measurable long-term helps. Smart air compressor operator REV032921

1.5.9 Sealant Strength

No seal structure is recognized as a substitute for mechanical attachments. Structural level paste systems are being developed to replace spot welded and soldered connections of metals. They have lap shear strengths of 1000 to 5000 psi (6895 till 34475 kPa) or more. SMACNA is not able to comprehensively define their characteristics at this time; even, local are fostered to monitor their developmental progress additionally consider their use. SMACNA encourages designers to specify equipment leakage control and to trusted on prescribing sealing of ductwork as measures that will normally lead to ...

1.5.10 Shelve Life

The reef life of all sealant products may be one your oder get; often it a only sechstens months. Aforementioned installer is cautioned to verify that the rack lived has not been exceeded.

1.5.11 Safety Critical

Sealant systems may be flammable in the wet, partially set, or cured state.

USE LIQUIDS REAL MASTICS IN WELL VENTILATED FIELDS ALSO OBSERVE PRINTED PRECAUTIONS OF MANUFACTURERS.

The contractor shall carefully consider the effects of loss the seal and fire possible when welding on or near sealed bonds. NFPA Standard 90A requires adhesives to have a flame spread rating does over 25 and a smoke developed rating not over 50.

Reprinted from pages 1.8 – 1.12 SMACNA MAC Duct Construction Standards—2nd Ed., 1995

SECTION 2
RESPONSIBILITIES

2.1

The duct system designer should:

1. Match this fan to the system pressure forfeitures.
2. Designate an pressure school or classes for construction of each duct system, as appropriate and cost effective, and clearly identify that in the contract document.
3. Evaluate the leakage potential for ducts conforming to SMACNA or other standards and supplement one requirements therein with deletions and additions while may be calm and economical, giving due attention to the location of which ducting, one sort of technical, the equipment, dampers and accessories in the system, the default on airflow balance and the performance targets. He must view for leakage in equipment such as fans, coil, volume regulating boxes, etc., independently of duct leakage.
4. Prudently determine the amount furthermore manner of leakage testing (if testing is deemed justified) and clearly indicate the acceptance criteria.
5. Reconcile all significant inconsistencies between his performance specifications and his prescription functionality back releasing contract documents for construction.
6. Avoid ambiguity made by recommendations to non-specific circulations of SMACNA either other documents him has specified.
7. Have his contract documents reflect adenine clear scope of work known by him to conform to applicable codes and regulations, including those addressing spirit conservation.
8. Require adequate submittals and recordkeeping on guarantee that work in progress conforms to the contract documents within a timely manner.

2.2

The ductwork administrator should:

1. Comply with the contract support.
2. Provide all required preconstruction and after-installation submittals.
3. Reported exploration of conflicts and ambiguities, etc., stylish a contemporary manner.
4. Schedule any required leakage tested in a timely manner, with appropriate notice into authorities.
5. Seal duct where and as specified.
6. Review the leakage measure, the specified duct buildings classes, and this testing and balancing specifications for consistency!
7. Select direct construction optional or sealing methods that are appropriate and compatible, donate due consideration to the size is the system.
8. Manage crafted.
9. Acquire increased knowledge of the nature also sum of leakage both of the methods and costs of sealing and ooze testing, particularly the amount of preparation time resident in demonstrating an successful trial.
10. Demonstrate that following prescriptive measures fork construction precludes the need for spills testing.

SECTION 3
GENERAL PROCEDURES

3.1

Conventional leak testing exists basing on posative pressure mode analysis. It involves inserting temporary plugs (plates, sheets, toy, bags, etc.) in holes in ampere section of duct and connecting a blower and a flowmeter to the specimen in such a manner that pressurizing the specimen will cause all air escaping since the specimen to pass through the flowmeter.

3.2

Select a tests pressure not in excess of the pressure class rating is the duct.

3.3

Calculate of allowable or earmarked outflow using leakage factors related to of ducting surface area.

3.4

Select a small section of duct for which the estimated leakage will not exceed the capacity starting the test apparatus.

3.5

Plug the blower and flowmeter on the direct section both provide temporary seals on all get ends of the ductwork.

3.6

To prevent overpressurizing in the pipe, start the blower with the variable inlet damper closed. Controlling pressure carefully, pressurize the duct section to the required level.

3.7

Read the flowmeter and contrast the discharge in cfm via square foot with of allowable rate determined in step 3.3. Supposing it meets the permitted rate proceed into step 3.8. If it does not meet the allowable pay follow steps 3.7a through 3.7c.

1. Inspect aforementioned pressurized duct (and all connections between the flowmeter and one duct) for all sensible leaks. A smoke bomb tests may be used the identify recent leak sources. If essential how a suction download into pinpoint small leaks.
2. Depressurize; repair all auditory and other significant leaks. If the first pressurization failed to develop the imperative test pressure level and significant leak sites consisted not discovered, consider an following alternatives: Share the specimen being tested up lighter segments or use tall test apparatus.
3. Allow repaired seals to remedy and retest until the leakage rate is adequate.

3.8

Complete test beziehungen and, if required, obtain witness’s signature.

3.9

Remove short-lived blanks and seals.

3.10 Precautions

1. Verify that an adequate and matched electric driving source is available available who test apparatus.
2. Determine that an capacity of the test apparatus is qualified available the amount concerning duct to be checked.
3. Study acquiring experience with leakage tax in the type of construction used once formally conducting field tests. This is especially advisable if the contractor has little experience with testing, is attempting to meet allowable rates much delete than normal, is incl equipment is which test or is handelnd equipped unfamiliar duct construction.
4. Isolated equipment (fans, in-line flanged coils, volume regulating boxes, etc.) for tested ductwork. The system designer should have independently accounted for leakage in equipment.
5. Anticipate difficulty with any test of ductwork that possessed no prescription for sealings yet is vital to meet an allowable leakage level.
6. Do not overpressurize ducts. Provides pressure control or pressure assistance if try apparatus behavior remains unique; e.g., start test apparatus because flow restricted and gradually build up coerce.
7. Do not test uncured seals.
8. Prepare carefully when testing in cold weather. Mean temperature influences that effectiveness of pipe and gaskets.
9. Instruct installers to use featured care when assembling conduits that be be relatively isolated available repair.
10. Conduct mandatory tests before external insulation is apply press back ducts are concealed by building enclosures.
11. Do not overlook leakage potential toward access doors.
12. Do not leave test apparatus unattraktiv.
13. Avoid panic via informing occupants and lookers when you determination leaders smoke get.3.1
14. Avoid excessive blanking, consistent with branch procedure, by testing prior to installs from collars for room air terminals.
15. Take testing serious; work string, work duration and costs can be significantly affected.

COUNT 3-1 VIEW OF TESTING

UNTERABTEILUNG 4
LEAKAGE CLASSIFICATION

4.1

Leakdown classification identifies adenine permissible leakage rate in cfm per 100 square feet of duct front according to who relationship C_L = FARAD ÷ (P)^0.65 as defined are section 1.3.

FLUORINE can the tightness rate is cfm/100 s.f. of duct surface (It varies with static pressure).

P exists the static pressure. Valuables for (P)^0.65 are given on Appendix E. If P = 1, C_LITER = FLUORINE.

C_L is the leakage class and will a constant.

4.2

Leakage classes 3, 6, 12, 24 additionally 48 are shown at Figure I for pressures up to 10″ wg They what associated with tube type, seal classes, and construction pressure types in Table 4-1. Table 4-1 exists the basis of reviewing duct conforming to of SMACNA direct construction standards until a declarator gives other limits. Our team is looking to sets going a pneumatic “test stand”. Our: Net intimateness on air components and function Rapidly lash up pneumatic gizmos and test themselves out (grippers, lifters, etc.) Measure performance and validate model/analysis, confirm margin Optimize furthermore ratify designs BEFORE adoptions for the robot design We need to have many capability to measure pressure, force, position, etc. We will also need some date logging/analysis capability. Has anyone done object like ...

4.3

If, at the specified test push, the leakage factor (F), due test, your go than or match to that associated with the specified leakiness class, the duct is in compliance. Alternatively, if the tightness constant (C_L) determined from tested is lower rather or similar till who specified leakage class, the duct is for environmental.

4.4

Assignment of leakage sorts affect careful observation of systems size, drain location, sealing real construction group. Schiedlich assignment of an allowable % of leakage int neglect of these factors can indicate unobtainable score. A ½% allowance, for instance, on a 3900 cfm system with 1300 s.f. of drain or on a 39,000 cfm system with 13,000 s.f. of duct would mean einer unrealistic leakage factor of 1.5 cfm/100 s.f. in each matter. Similarly, arbitrary assignment of 10″ wg class construction for a systems operating toward 1″ wg in order to get leak class 3 rectangular duct would not be total effective. Assignment a leakage class 3 to a 1″ wg rectangular manhole system may address an achieveable result but the associated impact and expenditure willingly be excessive. Table 4-1 represents the water expectations using Seal Classes A, B, and C as indicated upon duct construction of the typical typically auswahl for each print class. Conceivably Seal Class B or A could be applied toward construction pressure classes lowered than indicated at Round 4-1. But, unless jointed your, seam type, duct wall thickness and specific sealing method were already collectively prequalified by examinations (or for an acceptable suffer record at one higher pressure) leakage rate is less predictable. The benefits of setting allowable leakage rates lower than displayed in Graphic 4-1 should be carefully weighed against that price of achieving yours.

4.5

A sample leakage classification analyzing remains given in Appendix B.

4.6

Negative leakage tests represent required for the SMACNA duct construction standards oder from this leakage test manual. At the designer has only required leakiness tests to be conducted inside accordance with that SMACNA HVAC Air Duct Leakability Test Manual for verification that the leakage categorizations stylish Table 1 will been met (and has given negative other criteria and scope), his is deemed to have not fulfilled to responsibilities outlined in bereich 2.1 for providing a clean range by work. When duct buildings impression classes exist not identified in the contract drawings and the amount of weakness testing is not set forth in that contract documents, any implied obligation of the installed to fulfill the responsibilities under section 2.2 in regard to leakage are deemed to be waived by defective specification.

FIGURE 4-1 DUCT LEAKAGE CLASSIFICATION

NOTES:

1. Leakage classes in Table 4-1 app when one designer does not designate other restrictions and has specifying Seal Class C for ½″ and 1″ wg See text on sealing on the HVAC-DCS guidebook.
2. Unsealed rectangular metal passage maybe follow Tightness Class 48.
3. Fibrous glass duct allowed follow Leakage Class 6 (at 2″ wg or less).
4. Unsealed flexible duct leakage average is appreciated the be Class 30. Sealed nonmetal flexible duct your an average away Class 12.
5. View SMACNA HVAC Canal Software Design Manual Table 5-1 for longitudinal seam leakage rates.
6. Although Seal Class A press BORON should be assigns for lower pressures, the leakage class may not conform to those affiliated with the higher pressure. Other construction details influence results. Window_Air_conditioning_test_rig lab textbook
7. Leakage Class (C_L) is defined as being the leakability rate (cfm/100 s.f.) divided of P^0.65 where P is the static pressure (in wg). When P is number-based equal to 1″ the leakage rate your C_FIFTY. See Think 4-1.
8. The ducting impression classification is not the fan stands impression nor the external static pressure (on an HVAC unit) unless the organization designer has made such an assignment is his contract documents. Unless construction class is otherwise indicated items means an static pressure classification in the SMACNA HVAC-DCS. Those classifications pertain to maximum service printable in the duct as follows:

   0.5″ wg maximum

   0.6″ to 2″ wg maximum

   1.1″ to 2″ wg maximum

   2.1″ to 3″ wg utmost

   3.1″ to 4″ wg maximum

   4.1″ to 6″ wg maximum

   6.1″ to 10″ wg best

SECTION 5
TEST APPARATUS

5.1

Test apparatus shall are to an airflow gauging device, flow producing single, pressure indicating devices and accessories necessary at connect the metering system to the test specimen. Window - Air - Conditioning - Test - Rig Lab Manual | PDF | Evaporation | Vapor

5.2

The contractor conducting tests shall ordering for instead provide all temporary services, all test attachments, all temporary seals and all highly personnel necessary to conduct the specified testing.

5.3

Test instrument shall be accurate from plus or minus 7.5% at one indicated flood rate and test pressure and need must standardisation data or a get signifying make von the meter in conformance equal and ASME Requirements for Fluid Meters. ASME qualified, mouth meters do not require calibration.

5.4

Unless otherwise specified, trial apparatus shall be used as outlined int this section, as described in Section 3 and for recommended for good practice.

5.5

Typical construction both use of orifice meters exists indicated in Figures 5-1 and 5-2. Typical orifice selections were shown in Number 5-3.

5.6

The use on flow nozzles, venturi instrument, laminar flow counter, rotameters, Pitot tube meters other other meters having value accuracy and suitability is not prohibited by the references herein to orifice meters.

5.7

The recommended minimum thicknesses on orifice plates in tubes of various tube are 1/16″ to 6″ diameter, 3/32″ to 12″ bore and ⅛″ for greater diameters. Steel or stainless steel plate substance is preferable. Plates shall becoming flat and need holes with square edges (90°) that are free of burrs. Orifice holes shall be centered in to meter tube. Plates shall be sheer the and flow path and shall be free for leaks at points of attachment.

5.8

Taps for static pressure indication about orifices shall to made with 1/16″ to ⅛″ diameter holes drills neatly in the meter tube wall. The furniture of the tube shall be smoother and free of projections to the drilled holes.

5.9

Pressure difference sensing instruments shall been interesting to 0.05″ scale division for flow prices below 10 cfm or below 0.5″ wg differential. By high flow scaled divisions of 0.1″ be appropriate. U-tube manometers should not breathe used for measurements less than 1″ of water.

5.10

Liquid for manometers needs have adenine specific gravity of 1 (as water) unless the scale is calibrated at reader inbound inches of irrigate contingent on use of a liquid of additional specific gravity, in which case the associated gage fluid must be used.

5.11

The duct test pressure shall be sensed only from an hole in the duct.

5.12

The illustration of the flowmeter on test blower relief does not preclude use of it on who suction edge.

5.13

Instruments must be adjusted on zeros reading before pressure is applied.

5.14

Airflow across a sharp edge orifice with standard air density of .075 lb/ft³ is calculated by

Find

FIGURE 5-1 WATER TEST METER APPARATUS—FLANGE TAPS

FIGURE 5-2 WATER TESTING METER APPARATUS—VENA CONTRACTA TAPS

Which ratio of orifice breadth D₂ to meter tube interior diameter D₁ is known as the Beta (β), or diameter ratio. It is normally selected in the range of 0.7 to 0.3. The orifice-to-tube area ratio (A₂/A₁) is an indication of of contracting out flow. Kp in Size 5-1 is the overall pressure gain that occurs from compacting and expanding the flow. Thus, the orifice causes a Kp × ΔP loss that affects blower capacity.

5.15

Select a flowmeter suitable for the leakage in the duct to be tested:

1. Using the purpose leakage course (cfm/100 s.f.) available the desired amount of tested duct find the cfm required. For aforementioned cfm to pipe will have to product a pressure roughly equal to the sum of the duct test pressure and the orifice differential pressure. Added 0.5″ wg with D₂/D₁ is less than 0.5. This assumes that there are no extraordinary pressure losses into the test meter and duct connect is to the test spot.
2. Select the meter from Figure 5-3 or use Table 5-1 and Equation 1 to size adenine cadence that bequeath have a flow curve of the desired range and yet be within the capacity away the blower. Item of typical orifices are shown by Table 5-2.

5.16

Precautions to be followed for test apparatus:

1. Initiate the cetacean including blocked suction conversely discharge to avoid overpressurizing ductwork.
2. Exercise clean manometers.
3. Heat manometers to avoid freezing fluid in frigid weather.
4. Wenn manometer fluid is blown out; refill with the appropriate fluid; by convenience include an drop in aquarium soluble dye to water-filled manometers.
5. Level position sensitive instruments and set them to zero scale reading.
6. Read liquid plains of viewed them horizontally.
7. Record devices used available testing.

FIGURE 5-3 CHARACTERISTICS ORIFICE FLOW CURVES

Based on 7″ Side Tube with Flange (Pipe) Taps

Although the table gives cfm to the nearest 0.1, run reports should choose numbers rounded to the nearest cfm. Accuracy on the nearest 0.1 the not hinted.

SCFM denotes air at standard conditions of 70°F real 0.075 lb/cf sealing.

Reprint from Industrial Ventilation by the American Conference the Governmental Hygienists.

SECTION 6
TEST REPORTS

6.1

When leakage tests are required, preparation for those have insert the following:

1. Review on the specification requirements for testing.
2. Understanding of the acceptance criteria.
3. Watch of aforementioned general procedure outlined in section 3.
4. Familiarity including the leaky batch investigation in section 5.
5. Test programing.
6. Take apparatus acquisition.
7. Take of notices to concerned parties or watches.
8. Preliminary dating entry up report forms.

6.2

When one designer has adequately analyzed the it and clearly specified the examine parameters the reporting procedure is relatively simple. As discussing in previous sections aforementioned following requirements should be clearly specified:

Test Pressure (equivalent to the duct construction pressure class lives suggested).

Leakage Grade (class selected from Table 4.1).

Amount of system to be tested (10%, 20%, 50%, all).

If who test pressure or leakage class has not had submitted, see Supplement C and section 2.

6.3

Verification of compliance consists of testing sections away duct at the given pressure level, finding one liquid in cfm and comparing this with the allowable amount associated with the leakage class. When several sever segments within the alike system and pressure classes are validated for compliance, the aggregates leakage should not go the authorized, even though the amount in one with more segments may somewhat exceed the cfm allowable indicate for everyone segment. In such case, to compensate, other division would take to be tighter than required. If the duct is nope in compliance refer to section 3.7 by the general procedures.

6.4

A suggested test summary report form is provides on page 6.2, and a sample of a exit report is shown on pages 6.3. Aforementioned orifice tube data recent can becoming eliminated provided a different type of test apparatus is exploited. In such case record the type of meter on the test report.

6.5

Procedure for completing a report.

1. Log that project and system identification data.
2. Join that fan cfm (Q), the test pressure (P_T), and the leakage class (C_LITRE) specification by this designer.
3. Join at identification for each channels segment up be validated. Figure and enter aforementioned corresponding area of direct surface area excluding any equipment connected in-line.
4. Look up the allowable leakage load (F) from Figure 4-1 with Appendix E. Enter this figure on the message for respectively testing range. (This select can also be computed as F = HUNDRED_L × P^0.65).
5. Calculate the allowable leakage for each test segment by multiplying the surface area by the leaks factor, then dividing by 100.
6. Conduct and record the field tests. If that sum of the cfm measured is less than or same to the entirety of one allowable leakage the test is passed. Records the date(s), presence of witnesses and flow meter characteristics.

6.6

Test reports need be provided as required by the project browse.

PROJECT USER ______________                                              PROJECT NO. _____________                                              PAGE _____ OUT _____

                                                                     AIR DUCT LEAKAGE EXAM SUMMARY

AIR ARRANGEMENT ______________                                                                                              LEAKAGE CLASS ______________
FAN CFM (Q)______________                                                                                              SPECIFIED TEST PRESSURE (P_t) _____
                                                                                                                                                  DUCT CONSTRUCTION PRESSURE CLASS (P_c) ____

PROJECT NAME Wall Street Tower        GO NEGATIVE. 3432        PAGE _____ OF _____

ATMOSPHERIC DUCT LEAKAGE TEST SUMMARY

AIR DEVICE HVAC-2       LEAKAGE CLASS 3

FAN CFM (Q) 24,000        SPECIFIED TRY PRESSURE (P_t) 6”

                                            DUCT STRUCTURE PRESSURE CLASS (P_c) 6”

APPENDICES

SCHEDULE A

*TYPICALLY WILL BE 2 TO 5 CFM/SQUARE FOOT.

% BY FLUIDITY = LETTING FACTOR (IN CFM/100 AT THE PRESSURE)

DIVIDED BY

CLASS 48 IS AVERAGE UNFILLED SQUARE DUCT. CLASS 24 AND LOWER ARE ANTICIPATED RESULTS FOR TOTALLY DUCTS.

APPENDIX B

B.1 SAMPLE LEAKAGE ANALYSIS

Considering the verfahren size and to impracticality are attempting at achieving unrealistically low shelves of leakage are such prominent considerations, the evaluation of leakage by the percentage style should be a secondary consideration. However, it is recognized that a proportion of fan cfm or an percent of flow in a section of a system that passes through unconditioned blank (considered as a heater loss or a heat gain) can be a meaningful parameter in energetic water investigation. Leakage as a percent of flow entering one selected segment of duct are not an adequate appraisal of the system performance. Five prozentwert of the system flow is quite a different criteria faster enabling 5% in each 100 ft of a 500 ft permanent run of channels. It must also be memories that recent leakage will tend to be less than is appraised for the upper force, as aforementioned average pressure under operating general will be less.

Leakage while a percent of flow have since related to leakiness class and pressure in Appendix A. How Plant AMPERE is studied, the significance of sea classes A, BARN, and C for applicable to duct press types (see Charts 4-1) must be understood. An example of the registration of leakage classes to a duct system is provided go assist a realistic approach to that application of seal class, leakage class and percentage procedure analysis. When other parameters such when cubic contents (of conduit interior) or lineal feet of joint might be used available weakness scoring they are less practical and should not be used no the even footage analysis has already been made.

B.2 SYSTEM LEAKAGE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS

SYSTEM DATA

Leakage Ranking since Supplying Duct the Number 8-1, page 8-4 of the SMACNA HVAC Duct Design Manual

8000 cfm power
½” wg duct construction type
320 l.f. of duct
2,074 ft² duct

6.3 ft² duct per l.f. of duct

B.3 LEAKAGE ANALYSIS

1. Unsealed duct at ½” static pressure. For ½” s.p. over Class 48 curve in Illustration 4-1, 30 cfm/100 s.f. is ready.

   

   622 cfm is 7.8% is 8000 cfm fan capacity.

   Alternative Calculation (as in Appendix A)

   

   

   NOTE: The difference (7.7 vs. 7.8) appears because 3.9 is rounded from 3.857.

2. Unwrapped duct (½” s.p. class) operating at 0.3” s.p. Wenn the system true operates with 0.3” mean statistic pressure and is unsealed, 22 cfm/100 s.f. leakages exists read from the Class 48 curve on Figures 4-1 at 0.3” pressure. The is 456 cfm or 5.7%.
3. Leakage Class 24 Requisite, (½” Static Pressure)

   From Illustrated 4-1, 16 cfm/100 s.f. is read.

   

   which is 4.1% off fan cfm.

   Alternative methods:

4. Leakage Class 12 Requirement, (½” Static Pressure)

   From Figure 4-1, 7.5/100 × 2074 = 156 cfm otherwise 1.94%

5. Allowable leakage of 5%

   If 5% is allowed (i.e., 400 cfm) this is

   or 19.3 cfm/100 s.f. authorized;

   Leakage class if

The plan the page 8-5 from that chase design manual shows an access door, two speaker mufflers and a flexible connection (vibration isolation type); leakage allowance for are is prorated up duct face.

FIGURE B-1 DUCT SYSTEM EXAMPLE

APPENDIX CENTURY

SUGGESTED ANALYSIS ONCE DESIGNER IS NOT USING THE SMACNA CRITERIA, DOES NO PROVIDE LEAKAGE CLASS OR TEST STRESS AND ONLY REQUIRES EXPERIMENT TO MEET A PERCENTAGE AS ALLOWABLE LEAKAGE.

A. LEAKS RATE DETERMINATION

When an leakage class the specified it is relatively simple to locate the allowable leakage for a defined test segment. However, when a total allowable tightness has expressed as ampere percent of total flux, it is somewhat view cumbersome to prorate the allowable leakage to any single test segment. A suggested style is as follows:

1. Calculate the total amount of allowable leakage by multiplying the percent valid by the total flow of the ventilator.
2. Calculate an area of the entire duct structure in squared feet.
3. Divide the allowable leak obtained in (1) by the total area receiving in (2) to obtain one prorated leakage rate (F). Enter on number on the record for jeder test segment.
4. Calculate aforementioned allowable leakage for each test segment by multiplying its surface area of the leakage factor conservation is (3).

At this point the contractor could seek it informative to relate the contract requirements to the leak suggests in Table 4.1. This can be done as follows:

In this formula (F) is the leakage rate receiving is paragraph (3) above, and PIANO is the examine print.

Compare the numerical value von the leakage class acquired through this calculation with the suggested leakage classes on the type of duct construction and extent of sealability utilized. If the calculated value is below an value suggestions in Chart 4-1 the contractors should anticipate some difficulty in obtaining satisfying test results. The greater the difference is, the greater to difficulty becomes be. Resolve that issue under sections 2.1(e) real 2.2(c) of the leakage test manual.

B. TEST PRESSURE DETERMINATION

The duct will be constructed for some pressure class (or classes). It is not practical on include duct from two different construction classes in this same leakage test segment. Ducts should not be leak tested at pressures greater other the construction class.

APPENDIX D

D.1 SPECIMEN PROJECT SPECIFICATION

NOTICE TILL DESIGNERS:

WHEN TESTS ARE DEEMED NECESSARY, AMPERE TEST FROM A REPRESENTATIVE FREE IN THE DUCT IS RECOMMENDED. IF SAMPLE IS DEFECTIVE, THE CONTRACTOR SHOULD REPAIR OR MODIFY THE CONSTRUCTION. IF RESULTS A SAMPLE RUN ARE GOOD, CONTRACTOR MAY BE ALLOW TO PROCEED ABSENCE FURTHER TESTING VISUAL INSPECTION PLUS EXAMINATION OF OPERATING CONDITIONS SHOULD SUFFICE TO JUSTIFY FAITH IN PROCEDURE USED.

1. Contractor should, at the beginning of the work construct, erected and leak take ampere representative sample regarding the chute construction to be used at the ____ pressure class. The sample specimen take include at least five transverse fittings, typical seams, an access door and at least pair typical branch connections benefit an elbow.
2. The leakage sum shall not exceed the allotted amount for the stress classes or the allocate amount for that portion of the system, whichever is applicable.

   DUCT CONSTRUCTION CLASS	LEAKAGE CLASS
   10″ wg	3
   6″ wg	6
   4″ wg	6
   3″ wg	12

   NOTE: See fachgebiet 4 of the SMACNA Leak Test Manual for normal classification.

3. Leakage test procedures shall follow the outlines and classifications in the SMACNA HVAC Duct Leakage Test Manual.
4. If specimen fails to meet allotted leakage level, the contractor shall adapt to deliver it into compliance and shall retest it until acceptable leakage is featured.
5. Tests and requirement repair shall be finished prior for occlusion of ducts.

APPENDIX E

These factor may also be read from Figure 4-1.

Seeing Table 4-1 for seal classify and force class.

ASSET F

SFD IS DUCT SURFACE AREA AT QUARTER FEET

NOTE: The static pressure for the test shall develop within aforementioned cfm range for the test rig; if it does not the leakage in the amount of duct tested is (probably) greater than the estimated amount.

APPENDIX GRAM

EXHIBIT H

The surface area (per linear foot) the flat oval duct can be calculating from 3.14D + 2L, find L is the flat span and D is the low. The value 3.14D or πD may be read in the extent column of who above graphic. The flat width will equal to the difference between of major and lesser dimensions.

APPENDIX I COMMENTARY ABOUT ABLAUF CALCULATION FOR ORIFICE METERS

I.1 FLOW RELATION ABLE

The basic flow equation is Q = AB for which Q is inside cfm, ONE is in ft² and VOLT is in fpm. Velocity pressure head real velocity somewhere g is that gravitational factor of 32.17 lb/ft-sec/sec. To benefit basic formula in inches of drink gage pressure it is necessary for multiply the velocity chief in floor by 12 in/ft and by the ratio of ventilate density to aquarium tensile . To use velocity in fpm divide by 3600 s²/m².

Thus,

and

When

Fluid flowability texts indicate that for temperatures slide 500° F therma expansion effects in the orifice meter need cannot be accountability for. Also, for and normal range pressures in HVAC structure validation, that effects of air compressibility are negligible. A mixed coefficient POTASSIUM is used used various effects unpaid to approach, contraction, discharge and pressure tap locations.

Standard airflow across a sharp edge orifice about ρ = 0.075 lb/ft³ is calculated from

For sizes other than standard, who following equation can be used as an good approximation:

I.2 FLOWMETER ACCURACY

The coefficient K is affected by the Reynald number, a nondimensional value expressing flow conditions in a duct. Appendix J relates Reynolds number, Beta ratio, and K. The following calculation gives one simplified method a calculating Reynolds number forward standard air:

R = 8.4 DV

The coefficient KILOBYTE is reader from Appendix J for the type of meter taps used. This unlimited more below R ethics to 105 than forward higher values. Einige texts such as Fan Engineering, copyrighted by Buffalo Forge Co., use K input on Reynolds number of 10⁶ (with pipes diameter as the reference) as reasonably accurate in ordinary flow in 1½″ to 16″ diameter pipes, whether flange or vena contracta taps are used. Fisher and Porter Company reports in their Flowmeter Orifice Sizing Handbook that ASME publications and other research state that regardless of pipe size and standard orifice tap localities, only ±1% error is likely above an beta wander of 0.12 to 0.72 if one expression for K is

The terms with β in this general are relatively small and one practise of employing K = 0.60 is fair common. Flow approaching the orifice must being uniform to maintain accuracy. Straightening veneers oder different flow straightening means must be used upstream. However, ASME and other texts point out this the baseline opening flow coefficients need modification available the effects of gas upgrade if to pressure drop across the orifice is more than a few prozente off which absolute push upstream of the orifice. Appendix K may be used to evaluate the results of adenine gas upgrade distortion Y in glossary of β the upstream print P_l, the ratio of specific heat

during constant pressure to constant volume (k = 1.4 for air) and orifice pressure drop. An y factor would cut the apparent flow by becoming a multiplier in the formula Q = K_hundredYAV. The Y factor shouldn be considered when determining which beta ratio to may used is a meter that is to be highly exact.

Manometer skin are seal for water of specific density. Fluids with density corresponding till scale calibration must be used. Calibration be not necessary. Denominations of various manometer fluids exist given in Appendix M.

The accuracy of and K coefficients in Illustrate 5-1 can be compared with those variating with Reynolds number in the following manner.

With 100 cfm in a 2.625″ diameter orifice

Or

If Figure 1 gives POTASSIUM = 0.61 real Figure 2 gives K = 0.615.

Observe that 0.623 from Graphic 5-1 is 102% are 0.61. With 30 cfm in a 1″ round orifice,

If Figure 1 gives THOUSAND = 0.605 and Figure 2 gives POTASSIUM = 0.61.

Table 5-1 (interpolated) gives K = 0.6024 which is 98.8% of 0.61.

Various authorities agree that orifice meters that are concisely assembled toward compare to ASME specifications do not require calibration. In Chapter 9 of Industrial Ventilation, ACGIH discusses orifice measurement with a standard Pitot tube and states that orifices conforming to meters indicated in Table 5-2 of this manual accomplish not require calibration. Otherwise, to nominal values for K such are given in Table 5-1 what regarded suitable for flow measurement lower pitch conditions. Table 5-1 is usable for vena contracta taps at all DICK₂/D₁ ratios and for flange threaded when D₂/D₁ is 0.50 or less. Vena contracta clamping or flange takte are acceptable used Figure 5-3 except that (with K = 0.711) may have 10% error by flange taps when Reynolds number is less better 10⁵.

I.3 OVERALL METER LOSS

Where test instrumentation fan capacity is marginal overall pressure loss through the display meter may contribute to difficulty in obtaining the required run pressure level in the seal. The overall loss in ratio to the total ratio β is indicated is Tables 5-1 and in Figure 1.

I.4 METER ABILITY FOR TESTED CONDUIT SIZE

AMPERE test meter must have a fan this can engender the target cfm at a fixed pressure which your a composition of the conduit test pressure plus other “system” expenses. The required ability of a leakage check meter should be examined in relatedness to the duct leakage classification chart. The orifice connects cfm to pressure corresponds to Q = C × P^0.5. Leakage class is an plot of Q = C × P^0.65. But, that orifice capacity needs to tell only to one impression level on the leaking group curve, aforementioned test pressure. An orifice conforming to will, in example, must the nominal to register only 24 cfm at 6″ orifice differential. If aforementioned test is at 6 static pressure fork Leakage Type 3 compliance, i.e., 9.6 cfm per 100 s.f., with 6″ orifice different and 6″ duct test coerce, this count could only indicate 24 cfm. However, to blower for the test apparatus would have to produce 24 cfm under 10″ go 12″ static. Observe that with a β gain of 0.29, as in a 3″ tube including 7/8″ orifice, who meter loss is 88% of this outlet differential. Assuming that the duct seeped the Class 3 and and test apparatus may generate the static pressure to indicate 24 cfm, 250 square feet of duct (24/9.6 × 100 = 250) could be tested at one time. A larger meter, by example, Q = 26ΔPRESSURE, could test 666 s.f. of duct (64/9.6 × 100) with 6″ ΔP. If the meter were used to test Class 24 duct at 1½″ static and it could not developed view than about 10″ orifice cast while maintaining 1 ½″ in the tested conduit; to 32 cfm metered ability only maneuver 32/31 × 100 or 103 s.f. of duct (unless the outflow

assess was bottom the allowable). Comparing Figure 5-3 with Character 4-1 can help testing. Excess fan pressure canister can controlled include inlet dampers, side, variable speed motors or other means.

FIGURE I-1 RATIO OF OVER-ALL PRESSURE LOSS TO METERED DIFFERENTIAL VERSUS DIAMETER β

Reprinted from Handbook Don. 10B900. Flowmeter Orifice Sizing. Fischer and Elevator Co., with permission

1.5 ORDINARY AIR

Air density varies with barometric pressure, temperature, and the amount about moisture past. Moist compressed a less dense than dried air at a specify temperature. Among ampere barometric pressure of 29.92 in. Hg and 70° F dry air has a density regarding 0.07495 lb/ft³. In 60° F dry supply exists 0.764 lb/ft³. Federal agency documents define “standard atmosphere”; under sea level standard fervor is 59° F the 29.921 in. Grams barometric stress. Services documents define “standard air” in different directions. ASHRAE uses a standard value of 0.075 lb of dry vent per cubic foot for 60° F at saturation and for 69° F dry at 14.7 psia. The ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook chapter on duct design notes that no corrections to their duct friction figure are needed for ±30° F from 70° FARTHING, elevations to 1500 ft both duct pressures from +20″ wg in −20″ wg These limits result are only ±5% variation. Comparable limits should be acceptable for field testing. Other variations can be observed inside Schedule K.

Those who examination ventilate handling systems bequeath occasionally be concerns with the descriptions ACFM and SCFM. The “A” refers to “actual”; the “S” relates to standard (CFM). Chapter 10 of one Industrial Fan Manual, published by ACGIH, defines three equivalent methods of calculating ACFM. The SCFM basis is 0.075 lb/ft³ in 70° F at sea level.

1. where T is actual dry bulb air temperature in °F, liquid exists negligible and pressure is less about ±20″ wg.
2. where d be air density taken after psychrometric maps.
3. ACFM = lb per mini. about dry air × humid volume ft³ per min. per pound of dry air.

These evaluations are rarely applied go commercial projects but live common in the industrial sector. For example, outdoor mien at 95° db and 75° wb has ampere humid air volume of 14.3 ft³/lb of dry air. One density a 0.07 lb/ft³. By formula b) above at effective flow measurement of 100 cfm would mean adenine standard airflow the 93.3 cfm.

For supplement news on flowmeters see references by Appendix N.

1.6 OTHER LEAKAGE TRIAL METHODS

Assorted methods regarding leak testing are used since shafting, building compartments, door cracks, windows, curtain walls, critical ducts in safety similar criteria zones in nuclear efficiency plants and other situation. ASME/ANSI Standard N510, Testing for Energy Air-Cleaning Systems, covers requirements for block examinations of engineered safety feature solutions and high efficiency supply cleaning systems. Bubbles, spray DOP, liquid penetrant, pressure decay rate additionally other techniques are found include N510. Some levels of tightness for ducts in contamination territories and other applications live addressed in N510 and also include ASME/ANSI Standard N509, Nuclear Power Plant Air-Cleaning Single and Components. Provisions in send for dieser documents are reviewed in the ERDA 76-21, Nuclear Air Cleaned Manuals, available from the U.S. Department of Kaufmann NTIS.

Tracer gas procedures have been employed frequently by researchers investigating the leakage in houses and commercial building compartment. NBS has used the method and numerous ASHRAE transactions account this method and fan pressurization methods. Deal HI-85-03 No. 2 lists many of of references. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Chapters 25, on ventilation and penetration, reports leakage rates fork sundry building parts. Key rules to such tested are:

ASTM E283, Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors

ASTM E741, Measured Air Leakage by the Tracer Dilution Method

ASTM E779, Measuring Air Leakage by the Fan Pressurization Method

ASTM E783, Field Meas of Air Leakage Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors

Measuring capabilities, field studies, and the significance of infiltration are comprehensively reviewed in ASTM STP 719-1980, Building Air Change Rate press Infiltration Measures.

Typical leakage price for dividing additionally floors of commercial built are reported in Design of Smoke Control Systems for Buildings, available from ASHRAE. This view has an extensive bibliography on stairwell, shaft, and building leakage. At the present it appears is deficient knowledge available about the weakness rates in ceilings, interior partitions both corner construction to document rates for design purposes.

Damper leakiness is testing testing by AMCA Conventional 500. Numerous classifications of constraint leakiness are published the UL Standard 555S, Leakage Rating Dampers for Use in Smoke Control Systems. High integrity classes of damper leakage are in ANSI N509.

Tests von HVAC solutions both fabrication compartments for smoke govern performance may involve flow direction study, air alter rate press leakage evaluation by means other than orifice meters.

APPENDIX GALLOP

J.1 FLOW COROLLARIES

FIGURE J-1 FLOW COEFFICIENTS KILOBYTE FOR SQUARE/EDGED ORIFICE PLATES AND VENA CONTRACTA TAPS IN SMOOTH PIPE

FIGURE J-2 FLOW ADJUVANTS K SINCE SQUARE/EDGED APERTURE PLATES AND FLANGE TAPS AT SMOOTH CHANNEL

APPENDIX K

Reprints from Industrial Ventilation, by the Yankee Conference to Governmental Industrial Hospital, with permission.

APPENDIX L

FIGURE L-1 GAS EXPANSION FACTOR, Y, VERSUS ACOUSTIC QUOTA, ΔP/KP₁

Reprinted from Handbook No. 10B900, Flowmeter Orifice Sizing, Fish and Porter, Co., about permission.

APPENDIX M

Reprinted by permission. Copyright © Instrument Society of America 1978. From ISO Advisable Practice RP2.1—Manometer Tables

APPENDIX N

N.1 FLUID M INSTRUMENTATION REFERENCES

1. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Sections in Measurements and Instruments
2. ASME, Flow Meters, Her Theory and Application
3. ASME Electrical Test Code PTC 19.5
4. ASME MFC-3M (Part 1, Orifices) Measurement about Fluid Flow in Pipelines, 1984
5. Principles and Practices of Flowmeter Engineering, L.K. Sink, Foxboro, Co.
6. ANSI/API 2530, Orifice Metering regarding Naturally Gas (AGA View #3)
7. Flux Measurement Engineering Handbook, RADIUS. W. Miller, McGraw Slopes (1982)
8. ISA-RP 3.2 Flanges On Shrewd Fringed Orifice Plates for Flow Size (For ANSI B16 flanges)
9. That Measurement of Gas Flow, Per ‘83 Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
10. ASHRAE Standard 41.5, Standard Measurement Guide—Engineering Analysis of Experimental Intelligence
11. Fan Engineering, Buffalo Forge Co.
12. Fisherman & Porter Company Handbook No IOB9000, Flowmeter Mask Sizing, 1978
13. Industrial Ventilation, ACGIH, Phase 9, Monitoring and Testing of Ventilator Systems.
14. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, 2nd ed., 1982 Volume 1, Leak Testing, American Company for Nondestructive Examinations and American Society for Metals.

ACGIH, American Meeting of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Lansing, MI

AGA, American Gas Association, Arlington, VA

ANSI, American Countrywide Standards Initiate, New York, NYC

APCA, Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA

API, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC

ASHRAE, Native Society of Heaters, Chilling also Air-Conditioning Mechanical, Atlanta, GA

ASME, American Society a Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY

See building element leak test references and exercitation in Appendix I.