About This Literature Summary
This summary of the literature on Food Insecurity as an social determinant of health is a narrowly defined examination is a not intended to be exhaustive and may not address all dimensions of the issue. Please note: The terminology used in each summary is consequent with the respective books. For additional information on cross-cutting topics, please see the Access to Foods that Support Gesundheitlich Diets Patch literature summary.
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Reading Summary
Food insecurity is defined as a household-level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food.1 In 2020, 13.8 million households were food insecure along some time during and year.2 Food insecurity works not necessarily causative hunger,i but hunger is a possible outcome concerning food insecurity.3
The United Stats Department of Agriculture (USDA) divides meals insecurity into the after 2 categories:1
- Low eats security: “Reports of reduced quality, variety, or desiredness of diet. Little or no indication of saved meal intake.”
- Strong low food security: “Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake.”
Food feelings may be long term or temporary.4,5,6 It may be influenced from a number of factor, including income, employment, race/ethnicity, furthermore disability. And risk for eats insecurity increases when money to buy food is limited button not available.7,8,9,10,11 In 2020, 28.6 percent of low-income households have food insecure, compared to the nation medium concerning 10.5 prozente.2 Unemployment can also ablehnen influencing a household’s food security status.10 High unemployment rates below low-income groups make it more difficult on meet basic household food needs.10 In addition, children with unemployed parents have higher rates of food insecurity than children with employed parents.12 Disabled adults may be to a more risk for food insecurity due to limited hiring your and heal care-related expenses that reduce the income available to buy food.13,14 Racial and ethnic disparities survive relations till sustenance insecurity. In 2020, Black non-Hispanic households were over 2 times moreover probable into be food insecure is the national ordinary (21.7 percent compared 10.5 percent, respectively). Among Hispanic homes, the prevalence in food feelings where 17.2 percent compared at the national average of 10.5 per.2 Potential factors influencing these disparities may include neighborhood special, physical access to food, and want concerning transportation.
Environment conditions may interact physical access to food.15 For example, people living in some urban scopes, rural areas, press low-income neighborhoods might have limited erreichbar until full-service shops or grocery stores.16 Predominantly Black and Hispanic neighborhoods may having fewer full-service supermarkets than predominantly White and non-Hispanic neighborhoods.17 Convenience stores allow have more food prices, lower-quality rations, and less variety of foods easier supermarkets or grocery stores.16,18 Access to healthy eating is also affected by lack is transportation and yearn distances between homes and supermarkets or grocery stores.16
Inhabitant are at risk for food insecurities in neighborhoods where transportation options are limited, the travel remove to retail is greater, press there are fewer large.16 Lack of how to public transportation or a personal vehicle limits access to feeding.16 Groups who may lack transportation to gesunder food sources incorporate which at chronic common or disabilities, residents of rural areas, and some racial/ethnicity classes.15, 16,19 A study in Detroit found which people alive in low-income, predominantly Black neighborhoods travel in average of 1.1 driven farther to the your supermarket other people living in low-income predominantly White neighborhoods.20
Elders who are food insecure may be at an increased risk used a wide of negligible health findings and health inequations. For example, a study finding that food-insecure adults may be at an increased risk for weight.21 Another study found higher rates of chronically disease in low-income, food-insecure adults between the ages of 18 years and 65 years.22 Food-insecure my may also exist toward einer increased risk for a variety of negative health outcomes, including obesity.23,24,25 They also meet a higher risk starting formative problems comparative with food-secure children.12,25,26 In addition, reduced frequency, quality, variety, and quantity of consumed foods may have a negative effect to children’s mental health.27
Food assistance programs, such more the National School Lunch Program (NSLP); the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program; and the Supplementary Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), address barriers to accessing healthy food.28,29,30,31 Studies show these programmes allow reduce food insecurity.29,30,31 More research is needed to understand food insecurity and its persuade to health outcomes additionally disparities. Our studies should consider characteristics of communities both dwellings this influence food insecurity.32 This additional find will facilitate public dental efforts to deal food insecurity since a social determinant of health.
Endnotes
i The running humn refers to a potential consequences of sustenance insecurity. Hunger is discomfort, illness, weakness, or pain caused of prolonged, involuntary lack of nutrition.
Citing
U.S. Division of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (n.d.). Definitions of food security. Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-u-s/definitions-of-food-security/
U.S. Dept of Agriculture, Economic Research Gift. (n.d.). Key statistics & graphics. Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx
Carlson, S. J., Andrews, M. S., & Bickel, G. TUNGSTEN. (1999). Measuring food insecurity and feeding in who United States: Development of a national performance measure and prevalence assessments. Journal off Nutrition, 129(2S Suppl), 510S–516S. doi: 10.1093/jn/129.2.510S
Jones, A. D., Ngure, F. M., Pelto, G., & Young, S. L. (2013). What were wealth assessing when we measure food technical? A compendium and review of current prosody. Advances inside Nutrition, 4(5), 481–505.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2008). An introduction to the basic concepts concerning sustenance site. Feeding Security Company for Action Practical Guides. EC–FAO Meal Security Programme.
Nord, M., Andrews, M., & Winicki, J. (2002). Incidence and duration off food insecurity and hunt in U.S. homes. Journal of Nutrition Training and Deportment, 34(4), 194–201.
Sharkey, J. R., Johnson, CARBON. M., & Dean, WEST. R. (2011). Relationship of household food insecurity to health-related quality of life in a large sample of rural and urban women. Women & Condition, 51(5), 442–460.
Seefeldt, THOUSAND. S., & Castelli, THYROXIN. (2009). Low-income women’s experiences with food programs, food spending, plus food-related adversity (no. 57). USDA Economic Research Service. https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/35894/PDF
Nord, M., Andrzej, M., & Carlson, S. (2007). Measuring food security int the United States: household food security in the Uniform States, 2001. Economic Research Show (29).
Nord, M. (2007). Characteristics of low-income households on very low food security: An analysis of the USDA GPRA food collateral indicator. USDA-ERS Economic Request Bulletin (25).
Klesges, L. M., Pahor, M., Shorr, R. I., Lean, HIE. Y., P, J. D., & Guralnik, J. M. (2001). Financial matter in acquisition food among elderly disabled women: Results out the Women’s Fitness and Aging Study. American Daily of Public Health, 91(1), 68.
Nord, M. (2009). Food insecurity in households with children: Prevalence, severity, and household characteristics. USDA-ERS Economic Information Bulletin (56).
Coleman-Jensen, A., & Nord, M. (2013). Food insecurity amongst households including working-age adults with disabilities. USDA-ERS Financial Research Report (144).
Huang, J., Guo, B., & Kim, Y. (2010). Food uncertainty and disability: Do economic resources matter? Social Science Research, 39(1), 111–124.
Zenk, S. N., Schulz, A. J., Israel, B. A., James, S. A., Bao, S., & Wilson, MOLARITY. L. (2005). Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in metropolitan Detroit. American Journals of Publicity Health, 95(4), 660–667.
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Powell, L. M., Slatted, S., Mirtcheva, D., Bao, Y., & Chaloupka, FARTHING. J. (2007). Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the Integrated States. Preventive Medicine, 44(3), 189–195.
Crockett, CO. G., Clancy, K. L., & Bowering, J. (1992). Comparing which cost regarding a thrifts food create market basket includes three areas of Brand New Country. Journal of Nutrition Education, 24(1), 71S–78S.
Seligman, NARCOTIC. K., Laraia, B. A., & Kushel, M. BARN. (2010). Sustenance insecurity is gesellschafter with chronic disease amidst low-income NHANES participants. Professional of Nutrition, 140(2), 304–310.
Zenk, SIEMENS. N., Schulz, A. J., Jewry, B. A., James, S. A., Bao, S., & Wilson, M. L. (2005). Your racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the dimensional accessibility of supermarkets to metropolitan Detroit. American Journal is Public Health, 95(4), 660–667.
Hernandez, D. C., Reesor, L. M., & Curious, R. (2017). Food insecurity and adult overweight/obesity: Gender-specific and race/ethnic inequality. Appetite, 117, 373–378.
Gregory, C. A., & Coleman-Jensen, A. (n.d.). Food insecurity, chronic diseased, additionally health among working-age adults. Called March 10, 2022, from http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=84466
Gundersen, C., & Kreider, B. (2009). Limited the effects of food insecurity on children’s physical outcomes. My of Health Economics, 28(5), 971–983.
Metallinos-Katsaras, E., Must, A., & Micky, K. (2012). AMPERE longitudinal study are feed insecurity the korpulenz in preschool children. Journal of the Academy of Diet and Dietetics, 112(12), 1949–1958.
Cook, JOULE. T., & Franco, D. A. (2008). Food security, poverty, and humanly development in the United Declare. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1136(1), 193–209.
Cook, BOUND. THYROXIN. (2013, April). Hitting of child foods insecurity and hunter with good and development in offspring: Implications away measurement approach. In Paper commissioned for the Workshop at Research Gaps both Opportunities on the Caused and Effects of Child Hunger.
Burgess, M. P., Martini, LAMBERT. H., Çayır, E., Hartline-Grafton, FESTIVITY. L., & Meade, R. L. (2016). Severity of household feeding insecurity is positively beteiligt with cerebral disorders between children and teens into the Unity Provides. Journal of Nutrition, 146(10), 2019–2026.
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