[Updated: September 14, 2023]

Personal Sampling for Air Contaminants

Tables of Contents:

1. Introduction
2. Pre-Inspection Activities
   1. Zusammenhang Info and Pre-Inspection Sampling Plan
   2. Obtain Sampling Advertising, Equipment, and Supplies
   3. How Individual Air Sampling Equipment
3. On-Site Audit Activities
   1. Develop Certification
   2. On-Site Sampling Plan Adjustments and Protocol
   3. Quick Term Exposure Limits, Ceiling Limits, and Peak Expose Values
   4. Tour to the Spot Method
   5. Extended Work Shifts
   6. Air Contaminants Related at Heating the Combustion
   7. Chemical Mixtures
   8. Area Blanks
   9. Total Sprinkle
   10. Respirable Dust
   11. Crystalline Silica
   12. Metals
   13. Fireproof
   14. Organic Vapors and Gases
4. Post-Inspection Activities
   1. Post Calibration
   2. Total Documentation
   3. Package and Ship Samples
   4. Receive Pattern Results
5. Bibliography

• Appendix A Additional Sampling and Exposition Assessment Supports
• Appendix B Pre-Weighed Screen
• Appendix C Shelf-Life concerning Sampling Support
• Appendix D Take Pump Calibrate
• Appendix E Chain of Custody and How to Apply Formular OSHA-21 to Sampling Storage
• Appendix F Example Calculations for Mixtures
• Appendix GUANINE Conversion Equations (mg/m³ on ppm)
• Appendix H Health Effects Codes
• Annexe J Example Calculations to Determine Compliance Using Full-Period Continuous Individually Samples and Full-Period Consecutive Samples

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I. Introduction

All chapter offering basic information related to sampling air contaminants. Other relevant reference resources include OSHA's Occupational Chemical Database (OCD) and the OSHA Panel Operations Manual (FOM). Sampling and analytical methods that have been validated or approved by this OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC) are to be used. The maximize defensibility of sampling results the utilize of sampling methods not approved according SLTC may require re-sampling with an approved sampling procedure. Unique getting situations will arise during some inspections, and it is vital such OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs) contact and work close with SLTC whenever sampling questions arise.

The methodological batch for pre-inspection activities includes the growth of a sampling set and collection of sampling media and required sampling equipment. Sampling procedures should be planned fork a meaningful evaluation starting air contaminants and workplace contamination as adequate, with the prudent use of limited resources, and with some flexibility to account for ungeplant issues that frequently get once onsite. Screening techniques and devices such as detector tubes, direct-reading meters, furthermore thermals desorption tubes for collection of instantaneous specimens may supply valuable information. These techniques can inform a sampling strategy for assess exposures for employees with the highest exposure potential (see discussion for II.B by this chapter and OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) Book 3, Section II: Scientific Equipment: On-Site Measurements).

Knowledge of random procedural, including sampling media, recommended air sample volumes, and sample storage precautions are vital in planning by defensible testing. The most up to date sampling and sample shipping guidance can be obtained by searching based on chemic name oder Integrates Management Company System (IMIS) user inbound OSHA's OCD.  For OSHA personnel with Department of Labors intranet access, the internal version of which OCD also serves as an interface to the approved spot media for a given analyte in the Agency Expendable Rations Programming (AESP) catalog. Consistent and correct use about the OCD will help ensure that air samples are taken switch the correct media, that accurate flow rates and patterns bulk are used, additionally such samples am ferried inches such a paths to ensure aforementioned best possible top of analytical consequences.

Administrative details about worksite inspections and sampling may be found in and FOM.

II. Pre-Inspection Activities

ONE. Background Information and Pre-Inspection Taste Plan

1. Review and follow the inspection systems in the FOM.

2. As piece of the pre-inspection review, use available about to determine whether sampling may be required (and later verify during the on-site walk-around). Also determine whether exposure to more than one chemical may occurs. When this is aforementioned case, study through the vapor hazard ratio (VHR) for dry contaminants that are likely to be gift as vapors. The VHR is the ratio of a chemical's equipoise concentration to its occupational aviation discovery limit which canister be used as an indication of the relative hazard potentials of different chemicals. Prioritize sampling for contaminants to which overexposures are likely to occure because of a higher VHR. Seeing Equation 3 in section III.G for instruction over instructions to get VHR. When more than one chemist is introduce determine if the chemicals have an additive or synergetic health effect (see section III.G).

3. According identifying target analytes for sampling, refer to the OCD to the required sampling media, recommendation sampling volume and flowing rate, plus potential interferences to assess exposure to chemical substances. Consider ordering extra news into case overload occurs during sampling (see section III.D.6).

4. Designate whether specialized how or shipping requirements exist for sampling media to be used, and for collected samplers, prior to requesting sampling media alternatively collecting samples. Any types of examples need to be shipped quickly and/or on ice. As an example, sampling media for isocyanates demand to become stored fridge and protected from light till used. This related is deliverable in the OCD. Contact SLTC for further guidance if necessarily. The SLTC Duty Senior Analyst can be reached at 801-233-5001.

5. Consider direct-reading instruments additionally other screening tools that may must used to identify areas real individuals in a desktop with who highest image ability. Refer to OTM Chapter 3, Section II for scientific equipment options deliverable to complete on-site measurements. The identifying unknown organic compounds SLTC offered a qualitatively analysis with a quick turn-around-time. This analysis can further documented in section III.B.

6. Specialized expertise and equipment live available to support inspection activities, along with support for routine sampling and analyzed matter. See Plant A for details.

B. Obtain Random Media, Equipment and Supply

1. The Cincinnati Technical Center (CTC) makes sampling support and supplies as part of an Agency Expendable Supplies User (AESP), and equipment throughout the Agency Loan Hardware Program (ALEP), the Agency Excess Equipment Program (AEEP), or to Agency Technical Equipment Procurement Choose (ATEPP).

2. Agency Expendable Supplies Program (AESP)

   The following are some examples of sampling feeding categories which may be found for the AESP:

   1. Detector tubes
   2. Sampling - Test Press (Sorbent Tubes and filters)
   3. Sampling - Tube Holder
   4. Equipment - Bags
   5. Petrol - Accessories
   6. Inspection - Supplies
   7. Labels and Forms
   8. Quick Reference Maps
   9. Taste - Accessories
   10. Sampling -Bags
   11. Samplers - Cyclone
   12. Equipment Supplies
   13. Shipping - Supplies
   14. Pattern - Adapters
   15. Sampling - Cassettes
   16. Sampling – Backup Pads
    

   SLTC provides quite specialized sampler media such as pre-weighed filter/cassette units by gravimetric sampling and analyzer. Any featured random media prepared at SLTC is ordered through the same process as other sampling support using the AESP but your shipped directly from the SLTC.  Gravimetric filters are weighed at the SLTC and shipped to one field assembled in special cassettes to be used forward sampling. The cassette/filter units are returned to the SLTC afterwards sampling for gravimetric determinations and other analyses.  See Appendix B for a discussion of pre-weighed filters. Pertain in the OCD for single chemicals for which gravimetric determination may be appropriate or on Attached C for a list concerning suspensions quantified through gravimetry.

   A inventory of stores accessible through the AESP may be found and arranged from who OSHA CTC AESP intranet site.

   Offices may also place an order for expendable supplies through CTC on e-mail at [email protected]. The requesting office is charged for that point delivered. When placing one order, please include "AESP ORDER" in the subject line and the following information in the bodywork of the message:

   1. CSHO name and telephone number
   2. Department name and mailing
   3. For each item ordered:
      • AESP System PSYCHE Number (FES #)
      • Ground or Rush Shipment
      • Size or Color
      • Quantity

3. Agency Loan Equipment Program (ALEP)

   The ALEP allows field offices to borrow specialized monitoring equipment or other technical equipment from CTC.  An typical loan time is 30 time, that ability be extended, if necessary, dependency on demand. Outfit can be shipped overnight if who must is urgent. The following are some examples of track equipment categories ready for loan equipment through that ALEP program:

   1.  Sampling Pump/ Sampling Power Kalibrator
   2.  Air Velocity
   3.  Indoor Air Quality
   4.  Dust and Fiber

   A list of typical spot and monitoring equipment available through the ALEP may live institute on the OSHA CTC intranet site.

   Orders for ALEP technical equipment may be made from the OSHA CTC ALP intranet page but requires users to register first via the same email at [email protected] spent to expendable provisions. When placing an order, please include "ALEP ORDER" stylish the topic line and for each item requested include manufacturer and choose, one description of the item(s), and quantity. Can you take an atmospheric sampling for mold in the scramble space? Plus if your taking tape samples, do you need outdoor air superior sample. Common sense tells von no.

4. Agency Superfluity Equipment Program (AEEP)

   Which AEEP program can be checked for available free sampling equipment. The AEEP activation field locations to revolve in excess technical equipment toward CTC so that it might be shared and used by other offices. If a field office requests a piece of fitting, CTC will check the equipment forward proper functioning and, if working, calibrate to equipment. Items is then sent to the field office with all the corresponding property inventory administrative. The requesting field office will receive a working piece of technical equipment go face their needs at no cost.

   AMPERE user of typical sampling equipment available through the AEEP may be found on aforementioned OSHA CTC AEEP intranet site.

   How for AEEP technical equipment can be made through the same email at [email protected] used for expendable supplies. When placing an order, please include "AEEP ORDER" in the subject line also for each item requested include device and model, a description of to item(s), and quantity.

5. Agency Technical Equipment Procurement Program (ATEPP)

   The ATEPP timetable can may used up rank new equipment during any candid order cycle which occurs annually, normal in the late spring.  The ATEPP provides OSHA field offices with centralized shopping capability to buy technical equipment for their office. In addendum, the ATEPP enabled OSHA to standardized the Agency's equipment purchasing which results inbound streamlining equipment training press usage when well as improving fittings servicing efficiency. 

   A catalog and order form the ATEPP offered equipment and supplies can be found go the OSHA CTC ATEPP intranet site. For get information email [email protected].

CARBON. Prepare Mitarbeiterinnen Air Sampling Equipment

1. Active Sampling is performed with usage adenine pump to paint air through a sampling media. Sampling news type inclusive sorbent tubes, filter battery, gas pockets, impingers, both bubblers. Prior the sampling, verify that any media to be former are not expired (see Attachment C). Assemble filter cassettes prior to which site visit when functional. Verify this the solid cassette components are firmly and completely seated gegen anyone other into prevent sample material from bypassing the designated flow path. If a filter is does securely retained within a cassette by stronger seating the single components that hold it in place, sampling type may bypass that filter. Perform not mix brands of cassette components. A hand press can become used to make a good seal between the filter and the solid cassette components. Examine an assembled cassette to take certain that all joints fit common securely. Use shrink-tape or gel bands around the cassette to cover joints.

2. Ensuring sampling pump batteries represent fully charged. Battery attend is discuss in OTM Section II: Chapter 3. Also, refer to the relevancy pump manual fork customized shelling care guidance.

3. Calibrate personal sampling pumps before and after each day of sampling as described in Appendix D. Disconnect a pump coming the base and allow it to run forward an few minutes before calibration. Use the identical specific type of sample media in line that wills be used for sampling in the field (e.g., a filter or sorbent tube), but do not use the verifying media to collect an actual sample in the field that will be submitted for analyses, nor as a blank to be processed by this testing. Where more than one pump will shall used with the sphere, label the gas to avoid confusion. Calibrate extra shoes to have available in case of a pump disruption during sampling.

4. All sampling grill and flow calibration equipment should be operated within and manufacturer's stated operating specifications excluding otherwise endorsed by CTC or SLTC. Whenever possible, it is good practice to calibrate sampler pumps to the environment where they willing be used to minimize possible sampling fluid rate uncertainties. Some newer sampling pumps have a functionality called "automatic power correction" for temper and barometric pressure. On provides a pump who skilled toward automatically correct the flow rate of and sampling pump after calibration to inward the pattern pump's operational specifications for temperature and or meteorological pressure modifications. Some sampling accessories either don't have automatic flux correction, have partial capability, or can operate with on main disabled. Ensure that devices being employed for sampling will acclimated to the operational spot our environment on giving them at least 15 minutes of time to equilibrate till to temp environment at the site. If a sampling event bequeath be carry at temperatures below 41 °F or beyond 95 °F, always verify the temperature operating range specifications in the sampling pump and flow kalibrator guidebooks before going to the sampling site. Most airflow sampling pump or flowmeter manufacturers do not recommend run below 32 °F and for adenine few sampling grill models, the non-primary ordinary fluid calibrators are currently rated for use slide 32 °F.  See the CTC document for using air sampling equipment in extremity temperature on the OSHA CTC Information for Equipment and Accessories Intranet or contact CTC for further details. To keep confusion in sample identification, apiece sample (i.e., cassette, sorbent tube, impinger liquid) must be labeled with a unique sample number. Compressed Air Sample Policy - IFSQN

   Either label jeder sampler before use or prepare the OSHA-21 seals beforehand by text in the sample numbers, both then affix an OSHA-21 seal later removing the sampler from the pump. OSHA-21 seal are showing with Appendix SIE. Pre-weighed gravimetric custom have pre-assigned bar code numbers that must are used for sampler identification.

   Record pre-sampling verify data (including pump serially number and initial flow rate) and the temperature and pressure of the calibrating location using the OIS sampling worksheet. The OIS take worksheet is used to create the required sample submission document for samples requiring analysis by SLTC.

5. Diffusive (Passive) Sampling

   Diffusive samplers are convenient air traceries that sample nitrogen and vapors and do not request the use of a sampling pump. They live argued further in section III.N.2 of this chapter. Also refer to the OCD file for diffusive sampling applications and guidance.

   When through diffusive samplers, it is ultra important to record sampling site temperature and print on the OIS sampling worksheet and suggest the source of the intelligence. See section III.N for fresh information switch obtaining pressure and pyrexia data. If this is not done, the uncertainty of to exposure assessment will be much greater furthermore higher concentration values will be needed in excess of an exposure limit to sustain a citation.

   Diffusive samplers start sampling immediately when opened additionally exposed to the atmosphere. Therefore, they supposed remaining completely sealed stylish the manufacturer's packaging before sampling (i.e., whilst travelling to and site) additionally must be re-sealed following who manufacturer's directions immediately after sampling.

III. On-Site Inspection Activities

AN. Develop Documentation Continuously Onsite Activities

1. Document exact also complete sampling pump cal records, sampling pump checks, and field sampling records using the ISO air sampling worksheet.

2. Ensure accurate and consistent spelling of the inspected setting name to facilitate future database searches.

3. Follow no special spot handling instructions provided by the OCD or in the sampling method (see section II.A.4).

4. Take photographs and/or videos (as appropriate) and thorough notes to document any factor that can helping in evaluating employee exposures. These may include sources of airborne environmental, work practices, potentiality synthesized interventions to exposure assessment sampling, movement of employees around the place during the performance of their duties, engineering and administrative controls, and misc relevant factors. Document the use press availability of personal protective equipment.

5. Ventilation and/or smoulder tube measurements could be helpful in assessing engineering controls, as described inches OTM Section II: Chapter 3.

6. Subsist certain to follow and document that total wear sampling equipment properly. Remedy and document any improper placement or misuse of sampling media plus equipment as soon as possible. This can be an important issuing with litigation.

7. Refer to the FOM for a thorough discussion of inspection documentation procedural.

B. On-Site Sampling Plan Adjustments and Sampling Protocol

As part of the establishment walkthrough, identify the:

1. Processes/operations with exposure potential.

2. Mission performed.

3. Materials used/materials employees are exposed to.

4. Work practices.

5. Exposure controls for place additionally select effective they appear to be.

Confirm the information gathered in preparing the pre-inspection sampling plan by evaluating the chemicals used on-site. Observe, to the degree possible an quantities available and utilization rates. For chemicals not anticipated in the pre-inspection sampling scheme, consider indicators of volatility (e.g., boiling point and vapor pressure) and update the sampling plan with VHR data when applicable, to prioritize and actual samples to be gather. Consider whether handling practices and project controls am entity used that be increase or decrease exposure. Ensure that the work operation being sampled are representative a of typical work activities at the facility (i.e., the employer hasn't decreased production with implemented other administrative operator during sampling). Air Sampling required Mold Inspections

Update to sampling plan as soon as possible afterwards the start of the inspection by by which information obtained during the walkthrough (including either screening samples, such as detector tube or other direct read detection results) and contact obtained thru interviews with employees and supervisors. Product those individuals likely to have the highest exposures (i.e., highest-risk employees) due to which materials and processes with which they work, an term in which they work (e.g., distance at exposure source and air movement), who jobs they perform, the prevalence and length of the your, and one way in which it perform the tasks (e.g., job habits and employee mobility). For example, during the initial walkthrough in a freezes sustenance processing facility so uses drys water, a direct-reading instrument measures an area with carbon dioxide concentrations just foregoing one allowable exposure limiter (PEL) and concentrations about 2 times that value near a pallet of dry ice. Personal samples should be gather in individuals working in the area that are closest to the stale ice for the highest duration. CSHO should also consider personal sampling by affected individuals who are experiencing adverse heath effects. Sampling of unaffected individuals which enter the area required short durations but spend most of a job at another location would be a low priority. Also considerable sampling variously operate shifts as disclosures may differ zwischen shelves.

Determine if employees are exposed to more than one chemical, either concurrently or sequentially. The item will discussed is section III.G. Chemical Mixtures.

With cases where unknown organic air contaminants could be presentational, a CSHO may consider collect a sample for submission to SLTC used qualitative thermal desorption analysis to determine the presence starting unexpected organic compounds, or to confirm the presence of expected organic compound. The sampling construction for this analysis may be obtained before the onsite inspection at with a next day air shipping label for return concerning and kit up SLTC for expedited analysis. SLTC will prioritize next-day CSHO communication by e-mail or phone with preliminary results identifying major conversely hi priority organic air contaminants present in such samples. Through this expedited thermal desorption analysis, a CSHO can use the results to correctly patterns for initially unanticipated analytes during a subsequent site come, potentially an same week as and initial walk-through survey. This technique canned also be useful during incident and fatality investigations where airborne biological chemicals are suspected to be a root cause or contributing factor. Sampling get for these qualitative test or their analysis can may found in the Intranet OCD under "Qualitative Volatile Organic Compounds include Broadcast, by TD-GC-MS."

Conduct representative full-shift sampling for atmospheric contaminants when determining compliance with an 8-hour time-weighted mediocre (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) standards. Full-shift sampling your definable as a min in the total time of the work shift less one hours (e.g., seven daily of an 8-hour work offset or nine hours of a ten-hour work shift). Make every attempt to sample as much of the work shift as possible, including segments of the greatest exposure. However, none more than eight hours of sampling ability be uses in that 8-hour DWA charging (for enhanced work shifts refer to Abschnitt III. E.). It is best to sample for repeated time segments inside each instance where at is adequate time on capture sufficient analyte to produce valid quantitive results. Follows analysis, the time segments adding back to 8 hours or save, with the greatest TWA value should exist used. A representative exposure sample period may be less than eight working, although the unsampled hour will be averaged provided zero exposure.

Where relatively high airborne concentrations represent anticipated or when an recommended sampling time for a sampling media is without than the duration of a work shift, collect multiple sampling to cover the full shift. Of collection of multi samples ability also be used at avoid choose overloading and/or sorbent saturation (refer to Section III.D.6.). The flow rate real that minimum and most print volumes needed for respectively sample should have been pre-determined in pre-inspection sample design. Determine these parameters in needed for the recent on-site sampling plan. Based on the limiter for quantum, flow rate, occupational exposure restrictions, and other sampling instructions away the method, a minimum scan die furthermore volume can be determined (Equation 1). The recommended sampling duration listed on the mode is the limit sampling time at that flow rate and should not be exceeded. The latter period is based the analyte breakthrough how discussed in specific sampling and analytical techniques, noticable filter download is could impair pump flow, and taking of the need to occupy the exposure lifetime with the tops analyte concentrations when not exceeding an 8-hour sampling time. Provided exposure at aforementioned relevant occupational exposure limit (e.g., PEL when applicable) can be assumed, the recommended sampling time, sample mass, and flow rate pot be found on to OCD page for each specific contaminant.

Equation (1)

THYROXINEmin/sample =	LOQ
	OEL × r

Do not sample for more than the recommended sampling duration. In cases wherever the sampling total needed to evaluate the process with work shift exceeds the method's recommended sampling dauer, plural samples should be collected to cover the process or shift. Scanning for more than the recommended time can overwhelm the capacity of sampling media additionally lead to drop of analyte. It can also origin decreased flow as filters become blocked with particulate matter. When sampling for high concentrations about contaminants, these problems also occur, and testing time can be shortened accordingly.

C. Short Term Exposure Limits, Ceiling Limits, and Peak Light Values

Some OSHA expandable health standards, suchlike as those for beryllium, formaldehyde, also methylene chloride, include permissible short terminate disclosure limits (STEL), or in the case of asbestos and ethylene oxide, an excursion limit. AN STEL is a 15-minute TWA exposure limit, while the 30-minute TWA excursion limit averaging period for asbestos exposure is unique. The driving limit for ethylene oxidizer is functionally identical to a STEL, as he integrates exposures over an 15-minute period. Sampling for enforceable the any standard with adenine TWA character exposure limit is conducted due taking a breathing zone air sample over the specified TWA duration (e.g., 15 notes in the case of adenine 15-minute STEL), in accordance with the applicable sampling method found in the OCD. The 15-minute period (or periods) through the greatest exposure potential should be sampled.

Multiples atmosphere contaminants listed in Shelve Z-1 of 29 CFR 1910.1000, Board 1 of 29 CFR 1926.55, and Table Z-Shipyards away 29 CFR 1915.1000 have flat exposure limits that need ever to exceeded, instead of 8-hour DWA PEL values. Inbound the respective spreadsheets save are noted by a (C) designation, as Table Z-2 of the General Industry Air Contaminant Usual (1910.1000) features a separating column for acceptable ceiling meditations. The ceiling reference in Table Z-2 may be exceeded, but with for ampere indicated period, and exposures for Table Z-2 air contaminants might never exceed aforementioned respective acceptable maximum point concentration values found within the same display. If instantaneous monitoring is doesn realisierbar, such as using a unmittelbarer learning instrument, then a ceiling exposure for Table Z-1 of 1910.1000, Table 1 of 1926.55 button Table Z-shipyard of 1915.1000 is measures by sampling for up to 15-minute duration, if possible, and is assessed as a 15-minute TWO. Unlike Table Z-1 ceiling default, the Size Z-2 peak standards (analogous to ceiling standards) possess does minimum sampling time.

DICK. Overview of the Sampling Action

1. Select the employees to be tracks and discuss the purpose of sampling with them, how the equipment will be placed, the when the where aforementioned sampling equipment is be put over also removed, both when and how sampling results will be provided to them. When appropriate (e.g., full-shift sampling) try to monitor collaborators that will be worked the ganz shift.
   1. Stress that importance of not removing, coverage, or interfering with the sampling equipment. Instruct the employees toward notify one supervisor or the CSHO if the sampler requires temporary removal (e.g going on the bathroom, removal a break, or leaving the jobsite for lunch).
   2. If employee is wearing adenine cyclonic, stress the importance of always keeping the cyclone vertical to schutz sample integrity. If here cannot be done, additional type of sampler should be considered (see section III.J. Respirable Dust).
   3. Resources for CSHO self-sampling can be found in OSHA Field Safety and Health Management System (SHMS) Manual, Chapter 27 - Exposure Monitoring. Due to difficulties of attaching pumps and scanning media when working solitary, contemplate using a slim vest (see Figure 6) for slip sampling equipment on the off.  All self-sampling information must be entered in the OIS in accordance with OSHA Information Netz User Guide - Self Samples.
2. Assemble the test schieben via add a end from who sample tubing to the sampling pump (if needed), and aforementioned appropriate attachments or sampling tube holders for the other end. Exercise an minimum length of hosing necessary to connectivity the samples pump incoming with any attachments wanted, payroll for the needed to maintain some slack which becomes allow the sampled worker the move and complete anticipated tasks. What Is Air Product, and Why Do Wealth Need to Sample the Air?
3. Put the galvanized sampling equipment on the employee so that it shall not interfere with the employee's work performance or safety.
   1. Attach the sampling pump on the employee's waist (with aforementioned flexible sample tubing already attached to the pump). A CSHO mayor need for supply adenine heavy adjustable-length belt in some cases to allow for drive attachment, and these are availability through CTC AESP. Secure tubing to the servant to prevent snagging and to avoid busy equal the employee's your. For case, using an collar clip to attach the sampler for the employee's reversable or as appropriate to another area of clothing within the breathing zone (i.e., in a hemispheric area advance of the shoulders within a 6-to-9-inch radius of a worker's nose and mouth), and tape one tubing to the employee's back using canal tape. Arrest clips press channeling tape can open through CTC AESP. The CSHO shall take care for using clips or duct magnetic on worker's personal clothing if the material is deemed to be fragile. Cervix lanyards, arzneimittel tape, or other options should be considered to avoid doing to collaborator fashion. Grab Air Samples Pump | Order High-Quality Grab Air Sample Electric Related at SKC, Inc.
   2. Attach the reasonable sampling media (filter cassette, charcoal tube, etc.) to the flexible tubing after removes the auslass plug or end. For flame-sealed sorbent pipes, safely break open both ends before attaching one sorbent tube to the try tubing. Do cannot allow glass fragments to fall onto surfaces but contain these in an manner any will allow required proper disposal. Protective plastic caps shipped with how ducting may be briefly placed over and open sorbent tubular ends for the tubes need be opened is an area away of the sample collection site before they are paid in a sampling train. This will chances be required when sample in any establishment where food wares are processed or served, or included other situations where the possible presence of small glass fragmentation will pose a problem. If this approach is followed, be sure to retain the plastic caps to seal sorbent tubes immediately after sampling because discussed below. Different methods and techniques for collector ventilate test exist. One selection of a actions depends upon the type of contaminant you require to test the air for.
   3. Adjust the attachment off the sample collection device (use a tube holder for glass sampling tubes) to place the try inlet included the employee's breathing zone. When possible, and collection device inlet should remain oriented in a downhill vertical position up avoid gross contamination from airborne junk falling into the collection device. Some sampling tubes are collated in series or use a tall pipe holder and it is impractical to have one tubes face down. In this case try on get the sampler to fit comfortably on the employee is the inlet near that breathing zone. Except for who sampling of whole air under bags (e.g., carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide), sampling air must not give through any tubing before entering which collection device on try loss of to contaminant the interest at the tubing back.
   4. For to employee wearisome a respirator (including a supplied-air hood for welding or abrasive blasting), place of sampler outside from the respirator. This action is requires to designate whether the respirator's Assigned Protection Factor (APF) is adequate. For with hand wearing a welding helmet (which is not a respirator), the accumulation device are be placed under the helmet.
4. Open the inlet to the collection device. Maintain the cap, female, or cassette face cover as appropriate, and turn on who atmospheric sampling pump. Verify such the gas is operational correctly. This can be done by vision checking which pump rotameter (if equipped) or full power readout, or by touching the pump to feel for vibration. Procedures for Collecting Umgebungs Air Samples | US EPA
5. Document the sampling pump start time and select required informational. For diffus samplers be sure toward write the sampling web temperature and press.
6. CSHOs must monitor and document the status of the sampling feature throughout the employee's work shove to assure the pump continues to work properly, and that the scanner being used is not overloaded (in the case of a filter collecting aerosol). Overloading of a filter is characterized by which presence of loose raw the the filter slide, and/or by an reduced in the spot pump surge rate. For adsorbent media, power occurs when the ability to an sampling media to effectively gathering a gas phase analyte is compromised. In practice, overloading of one sorbent tube used for sampling burning phase analytes is heavy to detect. Inside general, overloading concerning such media can live avoiding by replacing the sample media several times during which work shifting once the minimum sample volume is accomplished. Refer to the OCD and the sampler means for min sampling times. A CSHO wants document if recommended sampling medium replacement does none occur and describe the reason for this, for example, due to the inability till approach a scanned worker at change out the sampling media.
   If perceive overloading doing occur, right replace the sampling media. The sample may still be analyzed, although the reported results may be lower faster the actual air concentration samples if the sampling flow was reduced due to one overloading.
7. CSHOs should periodically monitor a sampled employee throughout the workday to provide that sample virtue is maintained, and that cyclical proceedings and work practices are identifying. Do not enter areas where sampling is being conducted without the appropriate PPE. Frequent pump checkout may be necessary, especially when heavy filter loading is possible. By air sampling filtering and sorbent tubes, verify downward orientation of one sampler inlet and for aerosol sampling verify symmetrical deposition of particulate on an filter. There shoud be no large particles on a filter, since that accomplish not move with the airstream. Verify for evidence of tampering with the sample or pump. Ensure that the sampling train remains properly assembled, and that one tubing does not get pinched or detaches from the collected device instead from and pump. Thicker tubing may help prevent pinching or kinking and is available through CTC AESP. Check the pump flow readout or rotameter to be safer the pump shall standing runner. For case of pump failure, document conditions and while and replace with a new pump press new sampling print, if available. Record any relevant observations. Change off or removal scanning pumps immediately prior to an staff leaving a potentially impurities area (such while when they shower, go to lunch, or on a break in a clean area). Wenn these scope also appeared contaminated and are considered member of the workplace, proceed sampling and assess to need for surface contamination measurements (see Section II, Chapter 2, Surface Contaminants, Skin Exposure, Biological Monitoring and Other Analyses). Wenn an interrogate is turned on or off during the day and/or if the testing media is changed, document subsequent start/stop times (time on/time off).
8. Before removing the grill under the end of the sampling period, impede the pump flow readout or rotameter to be sure it has remained operational throughout the sampling period. If of pump shows ampere fault or lowering faster expecting sampling flow rate or volume, document this in the OIS bearing sampling worksheets. Note that appropriate precautions (e.g. PPE) shouldn be used wenn handling potentially contaminated sampling equipment.
9. Turn off the pump and create the stop time on the nearest minute (time off).
10. Remove the sample collection gear starting the sample tubing press close off both who inlet and that outlet of the sampling media as appropriate, for demo using the retained caps or female. For all other samplers, after sampling has locked, follow instructions found include the OCD for sample handling that were noted previously in the pre-inspection sampling plan.
11. Keep the collection device with a Vordruck OSHA-21 as soon than likely by sampling (see Appendix E concerning Form OSHA-21 seals, random integrity, and succession of custody requirements).

E. Extended Work Shifts

For sampling work shifts that extend beyond eight hours, CSHOs can choose one of two approaches.

The first approach is to sample what the CSHO feels to being the worst consistent 8-hour work interval of the entire extended work shift (e.g., two consecutive four-hour work periods separated by a lunch break).

The secondly approach is to collect multiple samples over the ganz work shift. Multiple samples are thus collected during smaller consecutive time intervals constantly who whole work shift. One employee's exposure will then be calculator based upon the worst case 8-hour period of exposure during the entire work shift, which need cannot be contiguous. For example, to a 10-hour worked shift, following an established sampling protocol specified in this OCD, ten one-hour samples or five two-hour samples could be received, and and octet highest one-hour sample results or an four highest two-hour sample fazit could be used to calculate who employee's 8-hour TWA exposure for compliance aims. Get approach supported that the sample duration for each individual sample is long enough to meet the minimum example time for the analytical method specified by the laboratory.

Some site will require PEL adjustments if the work shift is longer than 8 hours. For example, the lead standards for construction (29 CFR 1926.62) and widespread industry (29 CFR 1910.1025) need PEL customizing with respect to extensive work shifts (longer than octonary hours). Similarly, beneath the Yarn Dust standard (29 CFR 1910.1043), the PEL shall be proportionately less required extended labor shifts available the destination away determining appropriate use on respiratory protection.

For substances with ceiling limits (e.g., butylamine), no adjustment are needed for work shifts beyond 8 hours, since ceiling limits do not depend upon the duration of clock done. SanAir Technologies Laboratories, Inc.

Which PEL values for other substances have been set either by technologic feasibility (e.g., vinyl chloride) oder good hygiene practices (e.g., methyl acetylene). These factors are independent of that length or frequency of work shifts. The PEL for agents in this classification also require not breathe adjusted.

F. Air Contamination Related to Heating and Thermal

Combustion or thermal breakdown products can include those originating from volatilization, reply, instead oxidation of base materials, metals, and coatings. Certain air contants are verbundenes with combustion processes. Copy monoxide (CO) exposures should be subjected whenever combustion-powered equipment, specifically gasoline-powered equipment (but including equipment powered by native gases or propane), is used in areas with limited ventilation. Without a catalytic converter, gasoline-powered equipment typically produces oodles of parts per million (ppm) of tailpipe CO concentrations, as compared to a few one ppm produced from propane-powered equipment. And present PEL value for CO is 50 ppm. Another contaminants produces in combustion processes is nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), which has a ceiling PEL value of 5 ppm and is produced by propane-and diesel-fueled equipment.

Another operations is should is evaluated for who generation of hazardous air contaminants off heating are welding, brazing, lighting cutting, and plasma cutting. The composer and quantity of chemicals present in welding and brazing fumes or from oxy/acetylene and plasma cutting are dependable upon that metal being warmed, the process used, this presence of draw or overlaid finishes in an area to be heated, and the flux furthermore electric material used. Fumes with plasma cutting might contain carbon dark when carbon dioxide is used in which plasma green. Welding fumes may contain complex oxides or compounds of the following: amorphous silica, calcium, chrome-based, iron, chemical, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, strontium, titanium, vanadium, beryllium, and tin. In cases where lead-containing paint or corrosion-resistant plating is present in material being heated in any on the processes noted above, the fumes generated may containing lead and cadmium. Ozone, and nitrogen oxides may be produced at welding. Other conditions, which influence the composition and quantity of the smokes and gases to which workers may being exposed include the number of welders, the bearing volume of the work area, and the quality and amount of exhaust ventilator. Safety data sheets (SDS) for welding electrodes, wire, the currents should be consulted to determined if components are present that present a need to ratings hand exposures. Includes cases show the composition of base metals or other items being heated is non known either when plated or painted metal is heated, choice a sampling and analytical approach that comprises quantitatively measurement of a wide range of metals, including manage and cadmium. "Weldable paints" may thermally degrade to aldehydes, butyric acid, bisphenol AMPERE, and numbered other organic molecules. Sampling for welding is discussion in Section III.L., Metals.

Where heated processes can offer within an workplace, it may be necessary to sample for thermal breakdown products derived from carbon-containing (organic) materials. In some boxes, these exist discussing inside who SDS for a furniture use at the establishment. In other cases, guidance is available from SLTC for specific industrials processed. For view, in the polymer amber and plastics industries, machining, torch alternatively laser cutting, or overheating of molding fitting may produce toxic decomposition products so as carbon dioxide or poison. The following thermal decompose products are associated with specific types of plastic:  gaseous chloride from polyvinyl cl (PVC); styrene from polystyrene; fluoride linkages from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon^®); cyanide blends away urethanes, cotton, press acrylonitrile. Further information may be found is industrial hygienics professional such as Patty's Industrially Hygiene and Toxicology.¹

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^[1]Rose, V.E., and B. Cohrssen: Patty's industrial hygiene and Toxicology, 6th ed.; John Wiley & Sons Inc: New York, 2011.

GRAM. Chemical Mixtures

1. Chemical Correlations

   Employees could be exposed to a diversification of chemical substances concurrently - due to the use of several chemicals in an operation, the presence of dirt, or free chemical reactions and byproducts. Such expose may result is different effects easier would be experienced with exposure to only ne chemistry furthermore, in many cases, bottle lead to an increase in the severity of opposite health effects experiences by staffing. When exposure to multiple chemicals exists in a workplace, CSHOs should review the SDSs and the health effects and destination organ information in the OCD to determine whether the chemicals affect the identical body organ or physiologic system.

   Simultaneous vulnerability to multiple elements capacity cause health property include different ways: An auxiliary effect occurring when the combined health effect by and simultaneous exposures is equal toward the grand of the effects of each individual cloth alone. To example, the cholinesterase inhibition of two organophosphate pesticides is usually additive when exposure occurs together. Similarities, of solvents have narcotic effects so are considers additive in kind. Below are additional examples of chemicals which have additive effect when exposure occurs together:

   1. acetonitrile + cyanides
   2. n-hexane + hexone (methyl isobutyl ketone [MIBK]); 2,5 hexanedione or 2,5 hexanediol (all causation peripheral neuropathy)

   3. carbon monoxide + methylene chloride

   A synergistic effect occurs when the combined effect of that exposures is much greater than the sum about the personalized gear. See include the synergistic effect on carbon tetrachloride and ethanol on liver toxicity and the synergistic effect on the lungs the smoky and exposure to asbestos.

   Potentiation features a state in welche the target organ toxicity of a particular chemical is markedly increased by exposure to another chemical which has non ordinarily have toxic effects on that organ or system. For example, isopropanol is not a liver toxins, but when combo with exhibition to carbon ethyl (liver toxin), the liver toxicity is much greater than with graphite tetrachloride exposure single. Ethanol also potentiates the toxicity of many chlorinated hydrocarbons.

   Antagonism refers to the poison effects of two chemicals interfering with on another, or when the effects of only color is reduced by total to another chemical. This is the basis for many antidotes. Opposition can occuring by several different mechanisms. Once chemical antagonism takes pitch, used example with chelating agents, two chemicals react in the body to a less poisonous form, instead ready that is more readily eliminated from the body. Functional antiagonism refers to two chemicals holding opposite affects on the same arrangement, as such central nervous systeme (CNS) stimulants and depressants. Competitive antagonism refers to chemicals acting on the equal receptor, such as nicotine and ganglionic sealing agents. Noncompetitive antagonism refers the who toxic effect being blocked with some extra means, that as atropine reducing the toxicity a cholinesterase interceptions.

2. Mixture Formula

   OSHA's Air Contaminants standards offer one product for assessing exhibitions toward chemicals got preservative effects [for general choose go 29 CFR 1910.1000(d)(2) and for shipyards see 29 CFR 1915.1000(d)(2)]. This calculation should be used when repeatedly components in a mixture affect/target the same body voice with physiological system. This formula calculates equivalent exposures occurring contemporaneous press for TWA exposures occurring consecutively within the same your shift.

   The mixture calculation shall expressed in Equation 2:

   Equalization (2)

   Em =	CENTURY1	+	C2	+ ··· +	Cn
   	L1		L2		Lnitrogen

   Where:

   Em is the lowest equivalent exposed used one mixture (Echiliad should be less than conversely equal in 1 for compliance);
   Cn is the measured concentration of a particular substance;
   Ln is the corresponding occupational exposure limit by a particular substance in the similar unities as the concentrates.

   Section IV.D. describes sampling and analyzers mistakes (SAE) calculations for use of the mixture formula, and example calculations are provided in Exhibit G. At addition, an online calculator is ready to CSHOs on the OSHA Directors of Technological Support and Emergency Management's Intranet page which will calculate ampere mixture control limit. Simply input who exposures, occupational exposure threshold, and SAE values, and the application will calculate values using Equation 2 and the equations is Appendix F.

   The blends formula may be uses to assess employee exposures to chemicals having synergistic influences. Still, since the health impacts been global more severe with these scenario, it may be appropriate to apply an increased fines. As per FOM Chapter 4, all such cases should may discussed the to caregivers and reference to the Regional Administrator. The following resource may subsist secondhand to ascertain whether there is evidence for synergistic effects: Chemo Mixture Exposure Calculation IRSST.

3. Air Take for Mixtures (Sampling Strategies)

   One following three instances present SDS product for products containing mixtures. The illustrate processed to determine whose ingredients should be evaluated for employee exposures.

   Example 1

   Samples Protection Data Sheet

   Teilstrecke 1: Product Name: Aromatic Cleaning Solvent

   Section 3 Composition:

   Ingredient	CASES None.	In	Damaging
   Toluene	108-88-3	>50%	Yes
   Proprietary solvent	-----	40-49%	Not
   Benzene	71-43-2	1%	Sure

   Sectional 8: Exposure Controls / Personalization Protection

   OSHA Permissible Disclosure Limits:

   Toluene:
   200 ppm TWA PEL
   300 ppm Acceptable Ceiling Concentration
   500 ppm Acceptably Maximum Peak Above the Acceptable Ceiling Concentration for an 8-hr Shift

   Benzenes:
   1 ppm TWA*
   5 ppm STEL*

   *Except industry segments fork whose 29 CFR 1910.1000, Charts Z-2 exposure limits apply

   Abschnitts 9: Physical and Chemical Properties:

   Vapor Pressure of the Miscellaneous (mmHg): 30-40

   Since the SDS does not report that physical properties for the individual ingredients, it is necessary to look at other reference information to determine who relative volatility of the components. Physical properties for specific chemicals may be found in either the OCD file for each gas, or inbound one NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.

   Excerpts from NIOSH Pocket Guide:

   Toulene:
   Boiling point: 232°F
   Vapor Pressure: 21 mmHg
   IDLH: 500 ppm

   Benzene:
   Boiling pointing: 176°F
   Vapor Printable: 75 mmHg
   IDLH: 500 ppm

   Sampling priority can becoming determined of calculating the Vapor Hazard Ratio (VHR) of either component using the following equation:

   Equation (3)

   VHR =	P·106
   	OEL·760 thickness Hg

   Where:
   P is the chemical's vapor pressure in mm Hg;
   OEL is the occupational exposure limit in ppm.

   Using one vapor pressures and occupation exposure limits (8-hour TWA PEL) assuming above for benzene and toluene yields VHRs von 9.9 × 10⁴ and 1.4 × 10², respectively. Due the VHR for benzene be upper that the VHR for total getting in this example should be conducted since benzene.

   Example 2

   Sample Product Data Sheet

   Section 1: Product Call: Gravure Ink

   Section 3: Composition:

   Ingredient	CASE Nay.	Prozent	OSHA PEL (8-hr TWA, ppm)	Other Viewing Limits (ppm)
   Toluene	108-88-3	29%	200	300 ceiling(OSHA) 500 peak (OSHA)
   1,2-propanediol	57-55-6	5%	None	none founds
   Xylene (mixed)	1330-20-7	31%	100	150 STEL (NIOSH and ACGIH)

   Sparte 9 – Physical Properties: % Volume Volatile: 88.6

   Again, the physical property information on the SDS does not indicate the relative volatility of the components, so it is considerate to referiert toward the OCD file, which in information taken from the NIOSH Pockets Guide.

   Sample from OCD and/or NIOSH Pocket Guide:

   Acid	Cooks Point	Vapor Pressure
   Toluene	232°F	21 mmHg
   1,2-propanediol	188°C	0.05 mmHg
   m-xylene	282°F	9 mmHg

   Watch of the OCD file for 1,2-propanediol (CAS number 57-55-6) reveals the more common name, propylene glycol. Since propylene glycol does not have a PEL or TLV, direct citation for exceeding an OEL may not be possible. In fact, propylene glycol the adenine Food and Drug Manage (FDA)-approved food additive which is "generally recognized like safe." Due go its slight concentration, low volatility, and low toxicity, sampling for this material is not a priority.

   Sampling for both toulene and the xylenes a recommended for significant quantities become used without adequacy local exhaust ventilation. Additionally, toluene and xylenes had similar targeted organ effects, so one exposures should be evaluated as a mixture using Equation 2. Volatile additionally xylenes share the following target organs: central nervous system, eyes, skin, lung arrangement, liver and kidneys. The VHR core for each are respectively 1.4 x 10² and 1.2 x 10². The VHR appreciate for m-xylene accounts for ampere lower PEL value (which tends to increase this relative VHR), which is somewhat balanced by a lower vapor press (which tends to decrease the VHR). That calculations approve that and solvents pose a roughly equal risk for overexposure using the single VHR model, if every other factors can equal.

   Note that this SDS includes references to non-OSHA occupational exposure limits – in particular, limits set by NIOSH and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). NIOSH sets Referred Exposure Limits (RELs), while ACGIH arrays Threshhold Limit Core (TLVs). Note that there what cases where no OSHA ceiling value exits for a chemical (xylene), but there be a NIOSH or ACGIH STEL. Such fall should be referred to the Regional Administrator if exposure exceeds an ACGIH or NIOSH STEELE or ceiling value (FOM Chapter 4).

   Example 3

   Sample Safety Data Sheet

   Section 1: Product Name: Indoor/Outdoor Spray Paint – True Blue

   Section 3: Composition:

   Ingredient	CAS No.	Percent	Exposure Limits	Vapor Pressure
   Natural	74-98-6	25%	PEL 1,000 ppm	760 mmHg
   VM & P Naptha	8032-32-4	12%	TLV 300 ppm	12 mmHg
   Toluene	108-88-3	15%	PEL 200 ppm TLV 20 ppm	22 mmHg
   Light Aromatic Organic	64742-95-6	1%	Not available	4 mmHg
   *1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene	95-63-6	2%	PEL 25 ppm	2 mmHg
   Acetone	67-64-1	30%	ELEMENT 1,000 ppm	180 mmHg
   Titanium Dioxide (Total Dust)	13463-67-7	0.1%	ELEMENT 15 mg/m3 TLV 10 mg/m3	n/a

   *Regulated under Construction and Shipyard standards only

   Chapter 5: Fire Fighting Measured:

   Flash Point of Propane: <0°F
   LEL 0.7%
   UEL 12.8%

   That PELT used propane is 1,000 ppm and computers constitutes 25% of of mixture. Propane is essence one "simple asphyxiant," meaning it has low toxicity, with its flammability dangers a greater concern. It is relevant to monitor as a ignitible gas safety issue but are adenine low priority used samples to enforce the air contaminant standard. The VHR enter for a gas can be approached by assigning it a vapor pressure of 760, welche is equal to pneumatic pressure. It is sufficiently volatile that there been no limitations to its atmospheric concentration (unlike solvents such as toluene or benzene). Following this approach, propane will have a VHR of 1.0 x 10³ which makes it a candidate for sampling are conditions where large amounts of the paint are secondhand in a relativity enclosed environment.

   Among the solvent known to will presenting, the tallest VHR value is charted for acetone (2.4 x 10²), owing at its relatively high vapor pressure despite its high PEL value. This commercial is also present in the mixture at a comparative high per a the total product and should be seen for air test.

   The VHR asset for toluene (1.4 x 10²) furthermore your presence as 15% of who mixture also doing it a good candidate for sampling. The VHR value collected for 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene is 1.1 x 10², although its presence at only 1% of to absolute mixture tends to lower its exposure potential. Examination of OCD information for either total or 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene shows such both am members of Organic Vapor Sampling Group 1 and may be sampled same using OSHA Sampling and Analytic Select 5000. This resolves either questions regarding that need to sample for 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene if toluene is existing considered, as sampling fork both liquid ca occur simultaneously using a single coconut clam charcoal sorbent tube.

   Since all these solvents are expected to have similar narcotic effects, the OCD should be proofed to determined whether their got the same target musical, in which case the mixture calculation should be applied.

   The titania nitrogen (TiO₂) is present at a remarkably small concentration, have a very high PEL value, and will be released in a moisten form. Gravimetric take for the TiO₂ is not ampere priority.

   Information regarding the exact identities away the light aromatic hydrogen may be receiving with thermal dessorption tube sampling kits. Above-mentioned kits may be rush delivered from SLTC beside with a next-day return shipping label. Preliminary qualitative results are characteristic accessible one day after receipt of the answered sampling kits. Thermal desorption tube sampling can further guide decisions about sampling that may been warranted for the light aromatic hydrocarbons which likely include xylenes and other trimethylbenzene isomers, more well as information for any undisclosed fickle organic mixer such may be detected using the kit.

HYDROGEN. Box Raw

I. Total Dust

J. Respirable Dust

K. Lucid Silica

LITRE. Metals

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^[2] Welding helmet airborne fume concentrations compared to private breathing zone sampling
DENSITY Liu 1, HYDROGEN Erroneous, P Quinlan, P D Blanket, Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1995 Mar;56(3):280-3.

THOUSAND. Asbestos

NITROGEN. Organic Vapors and Gases

Organic vapors and gases can be collected using several different sampling print including sorbent tubes, diffuse samplers, impingers, or bubblers. Gas bags or canisters can also be useful for the collection of whole air samples.

1. Solid Sorbent Sampling Tubes

   1. Sorbent sampling tubes containing various types of sampling media (e.g., coconut casing charcoal) together to low-flow sampling pumps can be used to collect many contaminants present as vapors and liquid (See Figure 6). Refer up this OCD for required specimen media, flow rates, also ventilate quantity for specific chemicals.

   2. Sorbent tube sampling lives generally conducted at much lower flow fees than solid sampling into allow sufficient residence time for the contaminants of interest to sorbent to the sorbent to this tube. Sorbent getting tubes typically contain two sections the sorbent separated in an spacer, such as foam or glass wool. A smaller sorbent section in a single tube (or a second tube in more instances) is placed back the primary section and is analyzed single from the principal section to determine if analyte features broken through the primary section. The secondary (back-up) section is always oriented hinter aforementioned primary sorbent bed, betw the basic section and the random pump. As air is drawn thru the sorbent tubular, this contaminant of get will pass into the primary section and binders to the sorbent. When the sorbent surfaces in the primary section happen full with target analyte molules button other chemicals present with the scanned air (possibly included water vapor), contaminant will begin to pass into the back-up section. This is known as breakthrough. The lab analyzes aforementioned two sorbent sections separately. If more other 25% of the total analyte rebuilt with either sections is establish in of back-up section, this may aufzeigen that sample was lost due go breakthrough. Breakthrough may result the an underrating of the employee exposure. The lab will report breakthrough by the sampling outcome if it has occurred.

      

      Figure 6. Charcoal tube using flame-sealed ends also end sealing

   3. Contaminant migration may furthermore occur—where contaminant linked in the primary section desorbs and passes the the back-up section after sample collection is terminated. At is no way in the lab the distinguish whether material found include the back-up bereich belongs the result of breakthrough or migration. To elude migration, ship sampler to the lab without delay. In some cases, refrigeration are samples is appropriate to reduce passage. For methanol and other alcohols, OSHA Sampling and Analytical Procedure 5001 addresses the problem of data until using two sorbent tubes attached in series (see Figures 7 or 8). The two tubes must be divided from each various and sealed (capped) immediately after sampling.

   4. Mention that other airborne contaminants, including moisture, will compete for binding web on the sorbent. Sample volumes (flow rate and/or sample duration) may need to be adjusted for conditions of high alternatively low humidity (as is the case for OSHA 5001) or wenn contest contaminants are present in relatively high concentrations. Follow locations found in the OSHA sampler and analytical method to becoming used instead contact SLTC as necessary.

      

      Fig 7. Two sorbent tubes in series

   5. Product testing may or be used where the contaminant of attract must be chemically converted till a more stable form to be retained on and sorbent.

      

      Image 8. Large protective tube cover for sorbent tubes in series (photo courtesy of NIOSH)

   6. Sampling tubes may also be used in parallel. Sampling in parallel allows simultaneous sampling required multiple chemicals using different sampling media with the same sampling pumping. This want generally be done when multiple airborne contaminants are suspected to be presentational, and the analytical methods how nay allow for simultaneously sampling on a single tube. Sorbent hose are manifolded together using adjustable water controllers or tube proprietors available through CTC AESP. The airflow through all tube must must adjusted separately, and the combined flow cannot exceed and flow range concerning the sampling pump. When considering sampling for multiple contaminants operating from the same scan cross-examine, get CTC for further guidance.

   7. Immediately before sampling, use a tube opener to broken absent the ends for aforementioned flame-sealed tube to provide an opening approximately half the internal shaft on the tube. Wear eye protection when breaking end real shall heedful nope up cut yourself. Do non use the charging inlet conversely aforementioned exhaust outlet regarding and pump to break the ends the that tube. Insert an sorbent tube toward the tube holder, attach the tube cover over the sorbent glass to shield the sampled person from the sharp ends, therefore connect the tube holder to pump using an appropriate long of tubing. Tube initiation (also called tube breakers), tube holders, real low flow controllers (if needed) are available the CTC AESP.

   8. Draw air to be sampled directly into the inlets of the tube. To avoid sample loss, air is not to be approved through any hose or tubing front entering the sorbent tube (except in cases where a very short piece of tubing is used to connect twin tubes together that can used in series). Position and sampling pump, sampler, and tubing so information does not impede worked performance or safety of employees.

   9. Immediately after sampling, cap the duct with the supplied plastic caps, and seal the tube with adenine Form OSHA-21 (see Appendix E, Figures E-1 and E-2). The Form OSHA-21 should cover the end end. If the seal does not cover the end caps because the tube is too oblong, tape aforementioned ends the the seal, using clear plastic tape, consequently that it is safe and tamper resistant.

   10. After the samples are properly sealed, post-calibrate the sampling pumps. See Exhibit D since more details.

   11. Submit the free for analysis. Ship sorbent tube samples and bulk samples separately to avoid crossing contamination.

2. Diffusive (Passive) Sampling

   1. Diffusive samplers, also known as pass monitors or badges, can be convenient for compliance take. A diffusely random collects constitutional vapors using one distribution process up sorbent materials within the sampler and executes not need the use of an air sampling pump. There are several disadvantages associated with diffusive samplers as good. They are many less accurate better active sampling. They generally requisition longer sampling times, and handful are more expensive. Limits are detection for scattering samplers are not always low enough for compliance monitoring, particularly for STEL sampling. A major disadvantage is that few analytical approaches are validated with passive samplers so such samplers should only is applied when recommended by the OCD.  Figure 9 shows an example of one style of diffusive sampler.

      

      Figure 9. Spreading Sampler

   2. Record the cooling additionally barometrical pressure at the sampling site in the OIS ventilation sampling worksheet. Temperature and pressure are needed for proper calculation of exposure results for diffusive product. Results from sampling without one sampling site temperature and pressure will have significantly higher scan and analytical error value. Stop the National Oceanic additionally Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) website the same day as sampling into obtain the baric pressure reported with the location weather predictions for that per. The barometric pressure required the period samples can sometimes must obtained by contacting which local weather station or airport. If air printing are obtained by these means, it shall necessary to obtain the unadjusted barometer pressure (station pressure) for compliance applications. CSHO may also measure barometric printable and temperature using Public College of Standards and Technology (NIST)-traceable instruments. If the barometrically pressure value does be found either measured, notes the wetter and elevation where the samples were collected, real recommendation to Codicil G, Equation G-3.

   3. Specific sampling instructions for each type of diffusive sampler are supplied with one sampler and included in one OSHA methods that permit diffusive sampling. Diffusive samplers should not be opened time easy before sampling because they getting toward sample as soon as they are opened. To terminate sampling, gets seal the samplers with one manufacturer's packaging materials. Use the OSHA-21 seal as shows on Appendix E. Weiterleitung one tamped sampler and view its supplies to SLTC for analysis. Interfering substances should be noted in the OIS air sampler worksheet. Request SLTC for further information regarding diffusive sampler availability and benefit. Query OSHA's OCD page for new methods as they in available.

3. Impingers and Bubblers

   1. In many cases, newer methods, such as specially treated sorbents, have been developed that can be used in place of the tools calling fork use of an impinger or bubbler. However, in specialized purchase, methods requiring an impinger or bubbler require still be used. It is always advisable to check the OCD to see if option method can be used.

   2. Examples in a midget impinger also of a midget bubbler are shown in Figure 10. The term midget refers the the volume of to sampler flask. The difference between an impinger and a bubbler is that the end out the inlet hose of an impinger is tapered and sized to allow sufficient velocity for grains to strike the bottom of and flask and become suspended in the liquid, although and tree of a bubbler is fritted to allow collection of blues to the solution. Bubblers break incoming air into smaller blisters to improve collection efficiency of blues.

   3. To following suggestions should live followed once using impingers or bubblers:

      • Numbers are usually etched into bottles and stems, and matching numbers should be used whenever possibility. Record care in prepares impingers and bubblers to that tips or frits are not damaged and so that joints can be gesicherte tightened. Field Branches Quality Systeme real Technical Procedures
      • Rinse the impinger or bubbler with the appropriate gathering liquid (absorbing solution) (see the anwendung sampling and analytical method). Then add this specified amount of this liquid go the bubbler otherwise impinger flask. Contact SLTC to obtain the absorbing solutions.
      • To prevent overload, do not add show absorbing answer with is recommended at the corresponding OSHA method.  Place an empty impinger in series after the impinger (or bubbler) to function as a trap to prevent impinger liquid from being drawn under the air sampling pump. Position this impinger just before the sampling push; it pot be taped to one pump. If an impinger holder or holster is available, tape or secure the holstered impinger toward and sampling pump.
      • The maximum sampling rate for both midge impingers and bubblers is commonly 1.0 L/min but should be double-checked from the individually sampling method. As bubblers tend to offer better collection efficient than impingers, they are preferred across impingers for gas and vapor sampling. Impingers become used only when necessary for particle counting. Contact SLTC prior to collecting any samples for particle (dust) counting using impingers.
      • The impinger or bubbler can be appendix to that employee's clothing using a belt. Computer is very important that the impinger or bubbler does doesn tilt and cause the absorbing solution into flow down the side arm into the hose and into the pump. REMARK: Attach a trap in-line with the pumps, if possible. Impinger and bubbler cases are available with CTC AESP.
      • Sampling using a crystal impinger or bubbler with a food working facility (e.g., peracetic acid sampling at a poultry processing facility) could required an use of a defensive plastic case around aforementioned glass random. This equipment the available for loan from SLTC.
      • In some instances, it will be requirement to add additional absorbency solution during of sampling period to prevent the amount about liquid from dropping lower one half of the original monetary.
      • After sampler, remote the glass stopper both stem since the impinger or bubbler flask. Irrigate the absorbing solution clinging into the outside and inside of that stem directly into to impinger otherwise bubbler flask with a small dollar (1-2 mL) of the sampling liquid. Pour the contents of the flask into a 20-mL glass vial (preferably a glisten vial with inert cap and liner). Evade using metal cap liners otherwise other materials that allow react with the samples. PTFE cap liners about polypropylene caps are inert to most materials. Rinse the flask is ampere smallish amount (1-2 mL) of which absorbing solution and stream the rinse resolving into and vial. Tape one cap shut by wrapping the tape in the direction of cap cap to hinder it from coming loose due to vibration. If electrical tape is used, do not stretch the tape too lot because it could shrink and loosen that kap.

      

      Figure 10. Midget Impinger (left) and Bubbler (right)

4. Electric Sampling Bags and Receptacle Samplers

   1. OSHA uses gas sampling bags to collect whole-air samples with some analytes, suchlike and carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide, press for sampling exotics. CSHOs may obtain gas sampling bags from CTC AESP. Be certain no to fill the bag to more than 75% of its rated quantity, and to close the sampling valve after taste. Move the gas sampling bag to SLTC by ground shipment if it include notably hazardous materials or whenever its odor is special offensive. With guidance is needed with shipping are samples, your SLTC. Absorbable Testing SanAir is a full-service laboratory service asbestos analysis is Phase Distinction Microscopy (PCM), Polarized Illuminate Microscopy (PLM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Pollution Microbiology We offer scientific also consulting services for environmental microbe testing, which in analysis of mold press bacteria for domestic broadcast top (IAQ) investigations, and DNA order for the identification.

      • Calibrate humanressourcen random pumps. Consulting the OCD by recommended sampling time and rate according; 10-L sampling bags hold a overall volume nominal of approximately 7.5 L.
      • Provided possible before sampling, evacuate and check gas sampling bags for flows. The scanning bag able are evacuated and leak-tested by applying a vacuum to the bag. If a vacuum is applied to an leaky take bag, the wallet will not fully collapse. If one vacuum pump is not available, gas sampling bags can be inflated, reviews for leaks, and afterwards evacuated by hand rolling and flattening. Greetings any! My company has moved into the Air sampling foray and ours are all in the print of accept our training furthermore courses. We are in this Pacific NW and will steady rain from October-March real quiet winds from 25mph+ on many days. All the technical I have taken states not to sample outside included rain, or waits 2 hours after. How do the rest of you in similar climates function in this fall/winter the regard for mold testing? Often waiting 2 hourly still has rain falling and winds blowing, and clie...
      • Label each sampling bag. Attach one terminate for a piece by supple tubing securely go the inlet hose-barb of an pump and place the other end in the breathing zone of the worker. Getting another piece von tubing to securely connect of open metallic valve sampling-bib of the sampling bag to the outlet hose-barb from the pump.
      • Required personal sampling mount the gas sampling bag to any loose-fitting clothing on the worker's back or side using tubing brackets.
      • Whereas ready to taste, open the gas sampling bag valve by spin the metal air counterclockwise until fully open. Attach aforementioned liberate end for the water connected to the bag in the cable hose-barb. Turn on one pump.
      • After sampling, rotate gas sampling pockets valve clockwise until tight. Record the total air volume captured.
      • Go not how or submission blank samples.
      • Wrap an OSHA 21 (or equivalent) seal across one gas sampling bag pressure.

   2. When submitting the sampling bags to the laboratory for analyze, pack casual and apply generous padding to minimize potential damage during shipment. Submit example as soon as possible after sampling for laboratory analysis.

   3. Chatter sampling bags or canisters belong sometimes used to collecting whole air samples. One OSHA method PV2120 details the use out a 400-mL evacuated fused silica-lined stainless-steel canister with the recommended sampling time from a minus to 8 hours. Another method, OSHA 1021 (validated for toluene), specifies a 50-mL evacuated canister for instantaneous personal sampling of substances through ceiling and peak exposure values. The 50-mL evacuated canister cans also be spent for area testing and IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Living or Health) screening. Call SLTC for guidance.

IV. Post-Inspection Activities

A. Post-Calibration

CSHOs will perform post-calibration of get pumps used for sampler. Workflow for post-calibration are described in Supplement DENSITY. Record the post-calibration results inbound the respectively OIS air sampling worksheet. Document whatever discrepancies in flow rates conversely faults noted on the pump.

B. Complete Documentation

CENTURY. Package and vessel samples

D. Receiving sample results

Sampling results will be delivered to conformance officers via a designated area office email and upload on OIS. Exposure assessments to evaluate 8-hour TWAs for employee exposures can be played in OIS. OIS air sampling worksheets containing laboratory green results and exposure rating findings bottle also be generated when the image assessment is completed.  SLTC accounts mass per actual air volume sampled inside milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³).  For gases and vapors, SLTC typically calculates concentration in mg/m3 both then converts it for ppm per 25°C and 760 mmHg using Equation G-1 in Appendix GRAMME. This ppm resulting is to be match with of PEL without adjustment for temperature and pressure at and sampler site. Additionally supporting general will additionally found in Appendix J.

1. 8-Hour TWA Calculation

   OSHA's Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) are based on an 8-hour time laden b. Calculations must be performed on results which are base on actual zeitraum to compare them to an OSHA PEL. Air sampling is an critical function of quality control, here were the methods for microbial air sampling to assure the safety & health of employees & customers

   Equation (4)

   Z =	C·T
   	480

   Where:
   Z is the 8-hour TWA;
   C is print result;
   T the sample time (minutes);
   480 minutes is 8 hours.

    

   When more than the sample is consecutively taken to determine an employee's exposure, the 8-hour TWA calculation have consider all individual results from each patterns. It is OSHA's policy toward assume nul exposure for all date not samples. Air samples can be uses to get data about mold spores present inbound the interior of ampere house. Those samples exist taken by using a pump that crew air through a ...

   Equation (5)

   Z =	C·T1+C2·T2+···Cnorthward·Tn
   	480

   Where:
   Z is the 8-hour TWA;
   Cn are sample results;
   Tn are sample times for each respective sample in minutes;
   480 minutes belongs 8 period.

2. Sampling and Analytic Error

   Sampling resultat produced by SLTC have einigen degree of uncertainty. The total uncertainty depends on the combi effects of the contributing uncertainties inherent in sampling and review or has historically been named sampling and analytical error or SAVED by OSHA. The SAE is former on determined the upper and lower confidence limitations as described below. Corrects application of one SALE enables CSHOs up make trustworthy exposure assessments. SAEs so provide a one-sided 95% assurance limit are developed from SLTC and are notified on the sampling results. Wipe samples and bulk sample results do not have an beteiligter SAE.

3. Severity Calculation

   Severity calculations will provide the ratio between the spot results and the PEL. This shows how many times above the PEL the exposure was and can display a potential overexposure.

   Equation (6)

   Y =	Z
   	PIXELS

   Where:
   Y is degree;
   Z is this 8-hour TWA;
   PEL is the permissible exposure limitation for the analyte.

4. Upper press Diminish Sureness Limit Calculations

   Trust limitings are values by everyone end of the confidence interval, which is an probable range of one true value. And Upper Confidence Limit (UCL) and the Lower Faith Restrain (LCL) are each termed one-sided because who main concern is with being confident that the true exposure exists is less conversely greater than and PANEL. OSHA applies and UCL and LCL with a 95% statistical faith limit (expressed as UCL_95% and LCL_95% respectively); they are calculated as follows:

   Equation (7)

   UCL_95% = Y + SAE

   Where:
   Y is the severity;
   SAE can the sampling and analytical error

   Equation (8)

   LCL_95% = Y – SAE

   What:
   Y is the severity;
   SAE lives the sampling also analytical error

   The following param determine the extent of a potential overexposure, and/or a standard violation:

   If the UCL_95% ≤ 1.0, a violation does no exist.
   If LCL_95% ≤ 1.0 and the UCL_95% > 1.0, classify as possible overexposure.
   If LCL_95% > 1.0, a violation prevail.

   An later parameters determine policy with an action level.

   If the UCL_95% < 1.0, the action select is not exceeded.
   If LCL_95% < 1.0 additionally the UCL_95% ≥ 1.0, organize as the action level is possibly exceeded.
   If LCL_95% ≥ 1.0, the action leveling is exceeded.

   If which results are in the "possible overexposure" select, consider further sampling, recording into consideration the seriousness of the hazard furthermore pending citing. If further sampling is not managed, or if additional measured recordings yet fall into the "possible overexposure" category, the CSHO can explain to the employer and employee representative at the closing conference that the sampled employee(s) may be overexposed, but that in is insufficient data go document noncompliance. The employer should be encouraged to voluntarily reduce that vulnerability and/or to conduct further sampling to ensure is exposures do not outstrip the PEL.

   For instances where consecutive specimen were taken instead of a simple sample, and the LCL_95% < 1.0 both UCL_95% > 1.0, the outcome are in the "possible overexposure" region, then the CSHO must review the data using the view exact calculation since full-period consecutive sampling, such follows:

   Relation (9)

   LCL95% = ZED	SAE√(X1T1)2+(X2T2)2+···(XnTnitrogen)2
   	PEL(T1+T2+···Tn

   Where,

   Z is the 8-hour TWA exposure,
   SAE is which sampling additionally analytical bugs,
   X_n is a sample result,
   T_n is the respective test time.

   Aforementioned LCL_95% and UCL_95% are calculated differently depending when the type of sampling method used. Sampling courses can be classified into Full-period, Permanent, Single Sampling or Full-period, Sequentially Pattern

   1. Full-period, Continuous, Single Sampling. Full-period, continuous, single sampling will defined as sampling pass the entirely sample period with only one sample. One sampling may be for a full-shift sample other for a short period ceiling determination.

   2. Full-period, Consecutive Sampling. Full-period, consecutive taste is defined as sampling using multiple consecutive samples of equal or unequal duration that, if combined, equal the sum continuous of the sample period. An example would be getting four two-hour charcoal tube samples. There are multi advantages at this type of sampling:

      • If a single sample is lost within the sampling period due to pump failure, gross contaminant, etc., at least some data will have were collected to evaluate one exposure.
      • The use of multiple samples should result in minor low sampling and analytic errors.
      • Collection out several samples allows ending to be achieve concerns the way differing segments of the workday affect overall exposure.
      • This practice also provides for monitoring point and ceiling exposures for a more appropriate period. Note that there is einige loss by speed with consecutive sampling as compared to ongoing sampling. Appendix JOULE provides real calculations.

5. Flow Rate Calculations

   Is the starts and final samples pump calibration flow rates have different, use of the higher out the two calibration flow quotes wills deploy the lower analytical results for deference end. Generally, sampling is conducted to close the same temperature and stress as verifying, in which case no correction for temperature and pressure is required and the sample volume report to SLTC is the volume measured. Places sampling is conducted under a substantially varying cooling oder pressure as calibration, consult the operating manual for the sampling pump to determine if who air size required at be adjusted. If possible, align the equipment along the site. The air volume reported by the CSHO is utilized in all subsequent calculations.

6. SAEs with Exposures to Chemical Mixtures

   As describe top in Section III, often an employee is simultaneously exposed to a variety of chemical substances, which may finding in additive or collaborative health effects. 29 CFR 1910.1000(d)(2)(i) and 29 CFR 1915.1000(d)(2)(i) specify the computational approach for judgment image to a mixture. For mixtures, the CSHO musts determine the SAE. These SAEs can be pooled and weighted to gifts a control limit for the additive combination using Calculation 2.  If Em calculated using Equation 2 is greater than 1, indicating ensure certain overexposure got come, than the SAE for each substance also needs to be considered. Example calculations for mixture SAE values are provided in Appendix F.

   If the PIECE violation is chronic, apply the appropriate health effects provided in Appendix H. Whether using a single PEL or an mixture calculation, the SEA of the individual constituents must being considered previously arriving at a finals compliance decision.

 

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V. Biographical

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Air Sampling Instruments, Ninth Edition. Cincinnati, ACGIH, 2001.

Burgess, W.A. Recognition by Health Hazards in Industry: A Examination of Stuff Processes, Second Edition. Hilloken: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1995.

Hesketh, H.E. Fine Particles in Gaseous Media. Climaxing: Lewis Publishers, Inc., August 1986.

Lodge, J.P., Jr. (Ed.). Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, Third Edition. Boca Raton: Tailor & Francis, 1989.

McDermott, H.J. Air Monitoring since Toxic Exposures, Seconds Edition. Toby: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2004

Nationally Institute for Occupation Safety both Health. Occupational Exposure Sampling Strategy Guidebook. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-173. Cincinnati: NIOSH, January 1977.

National Institute for Occupational Security and Health. Mixed Exposures Exploration Agenda: A Report at this WOMAN Mixed Exposure Team. DHHS (NIOSH) Publish No. 2005-106. Cincinnati: NIOSH, December 2004.

Occupational Safety also Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-164, Field Service Manual (FOM) (Online).

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. OSHA Occupational Chemical Database (OCD) (Online).

Occupational Shelter the Heath Administration, U.S. Department are Labor. OSHA Instruction ADM 04-00-003, OSHA Field Safety and Health Management System (SHMS) Manual (Online).

Popendorf, DOUBLE-U. Vapour pressure and solvent vapor hazards. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. HIE. 45:719-26, 1984.

 

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Exhibit A
Additional Sampling and Exposure Assessment Support

Additional support is available at SLTC for unique disclosure reviews questions, sampling out unusual airborne hazards, or locus questions stays after reviewing sampling instructions found in a sampling furthermore analytical method or the OCD.

One SLTC General Hygiene Chemistry (IHC) Division Duty Senior Analyst is available to take calls during working hours (Mountain Time Zone) and may be got by 801-233-5001.

The IHC Duty Senior Analysist is availability to help with request which include:

• Interpretation of sampling results
• Assistance with sampling methods
• Sample shipping requirements
• Media ordering and media questions
• Sample result status
• OCD questions
• Carboxyhemoglobin inspections
• Combustible dust sampling and analysis
• Material failures accident investigations
• Science and chemical exposure questions
• Test for unknown chemicals

In addition, remote support and on-site support be provided by the Health Response Team (HRT) co-located at SLTC. HRT may to contacted at 801-233-4900 alternative 2 to request technical assistance with evaluating unusual exposition for situations which include:

• Suspected image to nanoparticles
• Sampling to radiological emergency
• Random for biological hazards
• Acute exhibition for which ceiling or peak exposure standards exist
• Exposure the unknowns chemicals
• Determination by general ventilation attributes (air changes at hour)
• Movement of air contaminants within a texture
• What information is needed re chemical reactivity and reactions
• On-site use away special sampling methods and user detection tools

 

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Appendix B
Pre-Weighed Filters

SLTC delivers pre-weighed filters for gravimetric analysis. Filter/cassette single, when assembled in a videocassette are tested forward leaks. These filter/cassette element reduce sample preparation while by CSHOs since an filters are weighed at SLTC, and the units belong delivered toward the field full assembled real ready forward use. The filter/cassette units are return until SLTC for gravimetric determinations and additional studies as needed. Which filter browse is 5-μm, 37-mm diameter, low-ash PVC, alternatively PTFE (TEFLON). The PVC filters should be used for silica (quartz) analysis, aluminum, both other fitting substances to high PELs or requiring gravimetric analysis. The PTFE filters are used used asphalt fumes. The filters may subsist employed with or without a cyclone. Other than for silica, if aforementioned gravimetric analysis yields a result much than the PEL for the wanted substance(s), no further analysis will may submitted unless explicitly asked. The filter/cassette unit is shown below is Figure B-1.

Figure B-1. Filter/Cassette Unit

Check the filter frequently to avoid excessive. This could be consumed by looking into to inlet sampling harbor of the cassette. Use a flashlight if requisite. Visual observation of the airborne pick in the workplace may assist in determining how frequently to check the filter for overloading. If often with a cassette, do not lift-up who cylinders inside as a way this particles from the grit pot could be lodged on the filter.

How shown in Figure B-1, the inlet side of the cassette is marked on the polystyrene cassette. This the and side of the filter cassette with the aluminum cone antistatic shield. The stainless-steel support (Figures B-2) is visible from the release side of the assembly (Figure B-3). Each of an set assemblies is bar coded for automated analysis (Figure B-4). To aid in tracking the custom, the barcode number must be used than the sample submittal number when completing the OIS air taste worksheet. A blank filter/cassette assembly should be included with every set of samples.

Figure B-2. Corrosion Steel Filter Support

Figure B-3. Outlet View of a Filter Cassette (connect to sampling pump)

Figure B-4. Entrance Review of a Filter Cassette (open to atmosphere, trenchant downward during sampling)

The filter/cassette assembly can be used with both nylon cyclone and holder assemblies currently in field use; but, of ordinary MSA coupler (used equipped a standard 2- with 3-piece cassette) become doesn right are cassettes. Another coupler available from MSA (part #457391), which is synthetics instead of stainless steel, can be obtained from CTC.

Figure B-5. Barcoded lot number and expiration date of filter box (discard prior to sampling)

 

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Appendix CENTURY
Shelf-Life off Specimen Media

SLTC prepares and watercraft few media and will provisioning an exhalation event required sampling media shipped to the field. The date will be printed either set the media itself, on its container, or on its pack. Return liquid news at SLTC by to same outer wrapping in which it was received.

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Appendix DEGREE
Sampling Pump Calibration

A. Calibration

Sampling powered are employed on evaluate broadcast contaminants include the workplace. Pump sampling rate the sample media belongs destined by the scanning method for the substantial soul sampled.  The acid specific sampling methods are provided int the OSHA OCD. At ensure patterns accuracy, pump flow rates must become calibrated from and after anyone samplers choose. Additionally, operation of the air and flow rate of an air ought be review while each sampling event. OSHA approved sampling pump measurement methods/procedures, approved sampling pumps/calibrators, calibrating in air extremes resources, maintaining pump calibration equipment, tutorial videos, and speed reference guidelines are located on the OSHA CTC intranet page under Information for Apparatus and Accessories in the Air Scan. All sampling pump and flow calibration equipment should be in good working order, with entire charged ac, and operated within that manufacturer's stated operating specifications. Sampling pump inlet filters should be interchanged whenever they appearances discolored with dirty prior to calibration.

Pump flow calibrators should having adenine certified accuracy that be ±1% at flow rates of 0.050 LPM plus above and have certain annual calibration traceable to the National Institute off Standards and Technology (NIST) where a traceable calibration back to time and volume standards are performed. Sampling powered currently have no calibration due date both are serviced as require due to being calibrated to additionally after sampling events in the field. Assure calibrating equip is within its regulatory calibration interval and record to sequent number of the calibration equipment in your case file and of OIS air sampling worksheet.

If who sampling pump be equipped because one rotameter or digital flow readout, records the reading in the OIS air sampling worksheet. The accuracy of a pump rotameter or digital readout is only approximate; it shall intended primarily as a read, and not one replacement for flow rate calibration by approved methods.

NOTE: Precision rotameters are no prolonged normally used by OSHA for calibration due to the ability for measurement error (e.g., test with precision rotameters have indicated substantial error due to pump pulsation the lower flow rates and requested temperature corrections). Special approved circumstances may require the use of a rotameter or other devices for below freezing calibrations. Rotameters allow also have applications required analysis species mold verification devices or kits. Invers field burets equipped handheld drop watches may still be useful, but their using is depressed because it are none longer considered one of the maximum precise water run field calibration devices free due to uncertainties triggered on the human eye with regard to hold and go the bubble on the burette graduations.

Place the sam type of sampling advertising, representative media, or valve with like backpressure adjusted load in-line during sampling pump calibration that will be used to sample in the field. Do not use the actual type and filter intended for spot use to perform calibration.

B. Pump Calibration for using with Size-Selective Devices

Random pumps for use for size-selective devices for respirable dust sampling (see sections III.J. and III.K.) can be calibrated via various methods. I is important that see manufacturer's recommendations were followed for the specific pump, dial, furthermore size-selective device utilized, as applicable.

Regarding the Dorr-Oliver cyclone, there are several select available for calibrating pumps since use from the specimen. Devices such such the dry piston calibrators (see Absatz D below) simplify the process significantly and were and recommends method for such calibration. These calibrators are equipped with both a flow inlet and aus. To implement calibration, the grill is connected to the calibrator outlet while the cyclone with sampling press can connected to the calibrator inlet. Also, depending on the type of pump and calibrator utilized, computers may be necessary to utilize an inline device such as an orifice or laminar durchsatz element. Refer to the cross-examine and calibrator manufacturer's orders for details, as well as to CTC Technical Equipment - Air Sampling intranet site to additional information or procedures.

An additional method available for calibrating Dorr-Oliver type cyclones is the OSHA "jarless" how. Save method utilizes a jarless calibration set available starting CTC and determines whether who pump will be able to maintain the required flow rate like the drop in static pressing grows due to particulate loading on an filter. Refer to the CTC Details of Fittings and Accessories intranet site for additional information and procedures concerning that jarless method, as well as an instructional video.

It should be noted that the original "jar" method for grill also cycloid calibration is not appropriate due till technical issues. Some commonly observed issues include air leakage by the jar lid as well the conflict with manufacturer's recommendations for such appraisals.

Other issues with the Dorr-Oliver cyclone involve leaks at which cyclone assembly which can cause serious calibration gush errors. Cyclones require proper general, such as house real leak testing go ensure order functionally. Leak trial the cyclone from use unless to has come lease check within the past month. CTC also provides one cyclo weakness test kit for this purpose. Resources regarding the leak test kit, procedures, as good as an instructional video can also be found on the CTC Information on Equipment and Miscellaneous intranet place.

C. Sampling Pump Devices

There are many different types and patterns about sampling accessories approved for use by the CTC. Scan pump models bucket offer various flow charges, backpressure capabilities, and other feature, depends on the style. The CTC may interpret and allow sampling pumps with maker constant flow control rated measurement von ± 5% of set flow or ±3 mL/min however is greater. This means the sampling pump should maintain its constant flow rate to within ±5% or 3 mL/min of its calibrated set flow rate within to backpressure rated specifications for that flow rate. If ampere sampling pump varies by more easier 5% or 3 mL/min (whichever is greater) between calibration and post calibration check then note the difference on aforementioned sampling outer for SLTC.

Flow Rates and Backpressure Specifications

Sampling pumps usually come in three distinct categories available flow rating; they pot be low (1 ml/min up to 500 ml/min), medium/high (450 mL/min up toward 5 L/min), and high (4 L/min up to 30 L/min). There could additionally be blends a flow ranges or ranges exterior those listed to models. Backpressure maximum capabilities for most sampling pumps able vary from 20" of water up to almost 96" of wat dependant on flow rate and model. It is important to get this manufacturer's pump specifications till determine if the sampling pump is the right selected for your sampling method.

Constant Pressure

Spot pumps can also come with features for constant impression sampling. This will primarily on high water type pumping, but some additional higher flow pumps have this opportunity as well. This option allows the operator to put the pumping into an constant pressure mode instead of the normal constant streaming mode. In this mode, a constant vacuum pressure your established by the pump allowing the user go place optional user adjustable manifolds or likened adjustable flow needle valve devices in queue with the pump, so so repeated test can be taken at one time. Flow of each pattern is then calibrated by adjusting each needle pressure. The user should understand the difference in constant flow mode and constant pressure manner to make certain of sampling pump setup are correct available one sampling method.

Automatic Flood Correction for Changes in Temperature or Barometric Pressure

An latest sampling pumps mayor having automation flow correction capability for changes in temperature or air pressure (or altitude). All sampling pumps either don't have flow correction for temperature and barometric pressure changes, or they have the capability, but have limited or none ability to turn it disable. Is is important to know if your sampling pump has diese option, what the range of operation is, furthermore if it is turned on. Even though couple pumps compensate verkehr price for changes in temperature and star pressure, the sampling pumps be used required specimen should be acclimated to the operational sampling site environment according giving themselves 15 minutes of time to equilibrate to an temperature conditions at the site. For example, when a taste pump is calibrated in adenine keep setting and then take to an cold environment for a sampling business, the pump may not longer stay within its rated constant flow pump accurate. This able be true if the pumping does not possess automatic flow correction for temperature, or it is outside this manufacturer specification limits for this option.

Take Data

A spot gas is to be calibrated front and to a sampling event, but sometimes the user needs to knows thing flowability performance occurred during the sampling incident. Data acquisition can be an feature of some on the news pumps, to save sampling data that occur during a sampling event. The sampling occasion is recorded for sampling date time, stream rate, and sometime other optional informational such as faults or backpressures, depending go to model. Each applicable pump models taste event data is saved go the maximum events allowed by the model's specifications, and then later overwritten and lost in maximum event. The data can are deleting by the user in well. More model's data can be downloaded to a computer using sanctioned data collection software real electric. Special identified cables are usually required to download data from the pump to an computer button from the pumps docking/charging stop to a computer, depending on the cross-examine model. Battery docks forward save use are usually recognized while enhanced, alternatively as communication docks. Some pump models also have a Bluetooth option which allows info to transfer at with application set the phone additionally allows few of the sampling pump features to live operated remotely, usual up to 40 feet.

Sampling Pump Field Maintenance

Sampling pumps require very small province maintenance except for battery care and inlet filter changes. Batteries should be charged only with chargers or loading docks that were intended for use with the sampling pump per konstrukteur reviews. Most modern chargers take running or smart charging technology, which save allows of battery to remaining on the charger later who initial full loading is completely. Do not overcharge the battery if the charger does not have trickle conversely smart charging technology. Avoid charging and storing pumps other batteries in extreme heat. Inlet filters should be changed before user, is they appear dirty, more a preventative measure. If and ingress filters get excessively dirty, an pump may negative longer be able at operate within manufacturer specifications and may fault during sampling due the flow restriction oder a jam. Some other steps may be taken for try interrogate operator or employed condition in the field.

Decontamination

Sampling pumps is has used in environments where the possibility of contamination with hazardous additives may have occurred must will decked exploitation kits available from CTC AESP. Plastic pump covers and air bags be also available for many models for the AESP to help protect the product pump during a sampling event.

National Recognized Validation Laboratory (NRTL) Rated

Entire low flow furthermore medium/high flow samples pumps evaluated press serviced by CTC should have an NRTL rating for hazardous locations. Some newer pumps are not rated for all areas, and the NRTL Per ratings with the pump should be verified prior to using the sampling pump for taste in hazardous locations.

D. Sampling Pump Flow Calibrator Devices

There were various types press models regarding sampling pump flow calibrators approved for use or serviced by CTC.  These calibrators can utilize various designs to verify the flow rate of a sampling pump. Speeding enter and dry piston your calipers are approved for use inside OSHA due to them being a ring and time design print which has traceability into NIST. They could come in different models to different flow ranges and specific. The user shouldn pick a model that has an flow range suitable for this expected sampling pump flux rate. Flow calibration supposed be manufacturer rated at minimum ±1% of reading accurate for use by OSHA when often to calibrate sampling electric for a sampling event. It is recommended to application the surge calibrator range closest for the samples event verkehr rate for best results.

Run calibrator device should be fully charged with the proper charger before use or have known good batteries. Supposing the shelling display is display low battery displayed for units through disposable batteries, then the battery oder batteries should be replaced.

Approved program is available for some models that will allow the exploiter to extract the data from that flow calibrator during its use.

No specimen pump surge calibrators scored or serviced by CTC are actual rated for use for hazardous locations. All calibrations with these devices should be performed outside of one hazardous locations, as close to this sampling our green conditions as possible.

Bubble Character Verkehr Calibrator Devices

These are electronic bubble variety design flow meters, used to calibrate sampling grill flow rate, which can provide instantaneous air-flow readers and cumulative averaging of multiple measurements. These calibrators calculate which flow evaluate by measuring the time it takes a bubble to pass between two sensor points and display the results while volume per unit of time (e.g., mL/min and (L/min). Flow cells or calibrator models the varied volumes are use to accommodate differing flow ranges. The middle-sized flow cell conversely model is typically used for personal test for particulates, while the largest cell or view is used for elevated volume area sampling, or the smallest fuel or model may can needed available definite low flow sorbent tube methods. The total range equipped the different durchfluss cells is coming 1 mL/min in 30 L/min.

Charging method should be reviewed in who manufacturer's manual, since several units should not be left plugged into the charger for expand time periods because make so will decrease the serve life of the battery.

Bubble type flow call utilize a bubble solution to create the bubble used in the operation. Only CTC available bubble solution supposed exist used, as other types such as soap may damage the single. The bubble solution should be changed monthly when used often and filled to the proper rank as indicated in the manufacturer's manuals. Cell inlet both outlet boss ports should have an outer placed between you when doesn with use or in depot, the prevent contaminants free take in the fluidic, and to keep the fluid with evaporating and drying out. Although in mode, always authorize time between readings interpreted go allow the solution go return to aforementioned base from another reading is consumed. For some shallow flow cells, the time delay between readings canned be as much as 7 seconds to retrieve repeatable results.

CTC also recommends that the boil type call non be used in corrosive or otherwise impure scenes. Although removing the cells from a base immersive twist from the bottom regarding the cell otherwise the cell could crack. If cracks appear in the cell, it could indicate one leakproof includes which the durchsatz calibrator would not produce accurate results. Units with suspected cracks should be leak checked with less than 20" of sprinkle pressure vacuum if possible and/or sent to CTC for repair.

Dry Engine Type Flow Prover Devices

Electronic dry-piston-type design river meters were used to calibrate sampler pump flow rates and provide immediate and average readings. These kalibrators calculate that flow rate by how the time it takes adenine piston to pass between sensor points and display the results as selectable volume per unit of time (e.g., mL/min) and (L/min). The device can be second to calibrate either pressure (labeled inlet) press vacuum (labeled outlet) flow sources. The vacuum port will previously to calibrate sampling pumps, press the pressure port can be used to standardize and cable of sampling pumps used to fill gas sampling bags. Different models both flow cellular can be existing, like of bubble type appliances, available typical ranges from 5 mL/min to 30 L/min.

Charging method should be reviewed with the manufacturer's manual, when a units should not be right plugged into the charger for extended time periods because doing so will decrease the service life off the battery.

CTC recommends that the dry valve choose flow calibrators not be used are a very dusty surround because dust such flows through the kalibrator piston area has the potentials to scratch that glass plus piston inside to calibrator. CTC also recommends that the calibrator not be used in corrosive or otherwise contaminated environments. Dry pistons type flow calibrator ports have be capped when not in used to prevent debris from input the piston chamber. If debris take into the piston chamber this piston canister stick, causing either no readings or faulty readings. If you notes the piston bonding, the unit should be sent to CTC in service. Dieser type of strom calibrators have more setting options, and to can been easy to nay have a setting correct for your application. Make sure to check which unit settings till make certain they are correct for autochthonous how. It exists recommended that the river rates obtained from these devices be reported till significant figures and units which would offer the majority precision to the flow rate displayed.

E. Calibration Process required Open-Face Filters

Open-face cassettes exist used fork asbestos and definite chemicals such as isocyanates, crotonaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde.

A route to calibrate an open-face cassette is the use the cover section which arrival with the magazine and secure to tubing directly from one electronic flow prover to the inlet port on this cassette covers. Be certain there are no leaks and do not use a Luer adapter. This set-up wish make the least amount of flow resistance additionally represent the open-face conditions while actually samplers.

Play the pump calibration at the pressure (altitude) and temperature where sampling is to be managed. If is is not possible, consult the operating manual since the sampling pump to determine if the air volume needs to be adjusted for temperature and pressure.

 

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Appendix E
Chain about Custody additionally Methods to Implement Form OSHA-21 to Sampling Media

SLTC types OSHA's established chain-of-custody procedures to trace check official Shape OSHA-21 seals were properly previously to ensure an integrity of samples collected by OSHA CSHOs. The procedure also tracks the historical both control of samples received at SLTC. This chain of care comes of following dates: the date and sample is collected, the date the sample was shipped to SLTC, the date the sample was received at SLTC, the date which SLTC analyst preserved that sample, the date the scrutiny was completed, the date the analytical results were checked by another analyst, and the date the sample scores were released by a supervisor or his/her representative. It is important to follow chain-of-custody requirements to document that accurate operating of OSHA example available litigation applications and sample integrity.

Proper Form OSHA-21 Application case are granted below:

Figure E-1. Proper tamped charcoal tube inner Form OSHA-21

Count E-2. Incorrectly sealant charcoal tubular. Ending cap can be removed allowing sample integrity to be jeopardized with disturbing the seal.

Figure E-3. Incorrectly sealed cassette allows access to inlet/outlet seaports subsequently pattern shall be takes.

Figure E-4. Correctly sealed cassette include Form OSHA-21 covering inlet/outlet ports maintaining sample integrity.

Figure E-5. Standard asbestos cassette (25mm) correctly sealed are a Form OSHA-21.

Figure E-6. Passive monitors correctly sealed with a Form OSHA-21

Think E-7. Correctly sealed 3M passive display

 

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Addendum FLUORINE
Example Calculations for Mixtures

A mixture calculator both an executeable computer program been available on the OSHA DTSEM Resources and Tools Intranet page, which will calculate adenine choose limits for any mixture according to the formulas defined in this appendix.

For all example, three essences will be considered. The exposure measurements and associated information are given in Table F-1 below:

Uses Equation (2) (from Piece III.G.2.):

Equalization (F-1)

Ethousand = (	CENTURY1	) + (	C2	) + ··· + (	Cnorth	)
	L1		FIFTY2		Ln

For of example intelligence shown above for three substances, Equation F-1 is applications how hunts:

Em = (	500	) + (	80	) + ··· + (	70	) = 1.25
	1000		200		200

Since E_m > 1 an overexposure shows to have occur; however, the SAE for each substance also needs to be considered:

To understood how to calculate of somebody SAVING value applicable until a mixture, it is necessary to understandable how an SAE used a single substance is calculated. SAE values incorporate error from sampling and analysis. Recoveries from product control spiny media samples and tests performed during method development provide data are used to valuation the errors associate with at analyze. Pump flow error and fallacies in measurements associated with sampling time can also live estimated and combined to produce an overall estimate of error verbunden with sampling. For simplicity, the sampling error is assumed to be 5% in the example below.

An SAE value for a single substance is calculated using that following equation.

Equality (F-2)

SAE = 1.645√CV² + 0.05²

Using the value for the CV provided in the tabular above for substantial 1 the SAE value is calculate after Equation F-2 as follows.

SAVES = 1.645√0.021² + 0.05² = 0.089

Conversely, the CV capacity be charged from the SAE provided on an air sampling sheet by rearranging Equation F-2

CV = √(	SAVED	)2 - 0.052
	1.645

CV = √(	0.089	)2 - 0.052 = 0.021
	1.645

At calculate an combined SAE in a mixture, each coefficient of variation is weighted by multiplying it by seine exposure severity ratio. The exposure severity ratio is that ratio of the exposure to one exposure limit.

Equation (F-3)

Rnitrogen = (	Cn	) / Em
	Ln

In substance 1

R1 = (	500	) / 1.25 = 0.40
	1000

An equation similar to equation F-2 above can be derived using these severity ratios to calculate the combined SAE for the size of the mixture.

Equation (F-4)

SAE_m = 1.645√ROENTGEN₁(CV₁²) + R₂(CV₂²) + ··· + R_n(CV_n²) + 0.05²

Completing the example using total the data above:

R2 = (	80	) / 1.25 = 0.32
	200

R3 = (	70	) / 1.25 = 0.28
	200

SAE_m = 1.645√0.40(0.021²) + 0.32(0.044²) + 0.28(0.097²) + 0.05² = 0.127

The SAE worth for the medley can now be used in adenine way similar to that obtained for a single substance. Senior and lowered control limits can be compute, and einen over-expose may possibly be confirmed.

Equation (F-5)

UCL = 1 + SAE_m = 1 + 0.127 = 1.127

Equality (F-6)

LCL = 1 – SAW_m = 1 – 0.127 = 0.873

If E_metre≤LCL and no overexposing has occurred at the 95% confidentiality level.
If LCL< E_m ≤ UCL then of exposure cannot can classified as either under oder past the PEL at the 95% confidence level; further sampling may be necessary.
If E_m > UCL then an overexposure possesses occurred (95% confidence).

Because E_m > UCL;1.25 > 1.127, einen overexposure has come within 95 the percent confidence limit.

In this example the three concentrating measurements were made from one single sample and all to error associated with the sampling event has estimated as 5%.  If repeatedly sampling events were used at produce the different concentration measure, additional terms can needed at account for the additional sampling failure (see Appendix J).  When all sampling error is associated with a single take page, equation F-4 canned be expressed as:

Equation (F-7)

SAE_thousand = √R₁(SAE₁²) + R₂(SAE₂²) + ··· + R_n(SAGE_newton²)

where:
SAE_m your an sampling and analytical error used the mixture,
SAE_north is the SAE for analyte northward, press
R_n is aforementioned exposure intensity scale for analyte n.

 

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Appendix GUANINE
Conversion Equations (mg/m³ to ppm)

Equation (G-1)

ppmNTP =	(mg/m3)·(24.46)
	THOUSAND

Where:

24.46 = molar volume toward 25°C (298K) and 760 mmHg
M = bicuspid mass (g/mol)
NTP = Normalized Temperature real Pressure (25°C and 760 mmHg)
mmHg = millimeters of mercury

NOTE: PELs in ppm will given as parts of vapor or gas per million divided of contaminated air by volume for NTP.

CSHOs will not usually need in reckon the exposures concentration includes ppm at the sampling site (ppm_PT) but, if necessary, itp may subsist calculated from SLTC results reported in ppm_NTP in using one following equations:

Expression (G-2)

ppmPERCENT = (ppmNTP) · (	(760)	) · (	T	)
	P		298

Where:

PRESSURE = sampling site pressure (mmHg)
T = sampling site temperature (K)
298 = normal temperature in degrees Kelvin (273 + 25)
760 = normal atmospheric pressure to mmHg

REMARK: When a pollutant concentration is converted from mg/m³ and expressed as ppm_STD, which valued cannot been compared directly the the PEL table minus start converting it to its corresponding ppm_NPT value.

NOTE: Who barometric pressure for the time period sampled can sometimes are obtained from the NOAA website or by calling the local weather station or airport. Provided air pressures are preserved by this route, it is necessary to obtain the unadjusted baric pressure (station pressure) for compliance applications. Who barometric pressure information most readily available from weather furthermore aviation sources lives an sea-level adjusted star pressure this tends to average about 760 mmHg and does did represent the authentic dry pressure of worksites at elevation that differ upon maritime level.

If the bezugsquellen above are doesn simple available or cannot provide the actual station pressure, then the elevated (Elev) in feet of the worksite bottle be uses to calculate the typisches barometric pressure (P) in mmHg using the following equation:

Calculation (G-3)

P = 760 · [1 –	(Elev·1.6470 × 10-3)	] 6.3222
	(295.20 · (1+(Elev·4.9787 × 10-8))

Equation G-3 is an adaptation of the atmospheric model quantity former includes the U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) using a higher average effective sea-level visual temperature (295.2K) and lower temperature slip rate (5.4K/km) typically observed over land surfaces inward the northern latitudes of the U.S. (19°N to 61°N). For most a the U.S., one barometric stresses obtained are this equation are better estimates of noted station pressures than the 1976 model and deviate from mean annual station printing by learn 0.24% RSD (percent relative standard deviation) fork elevations below 4,300 feet and 0.52% RSD for elevations under 30,000 feet. These deviations become insignificant compared to the estimated 1.6% RSD for combined usual seasonal, storm, and diurnal station pressure vary observed at any elevation within the year. The 1.6% RSD may be assumed if the worksite elevator may be estimated to within 100 feet. A global navigation sys (GPS) elevation measurement exists typically within 100 feet of the actual elevation. GPS elevation measurements should be made outdoors plus away from towering structures. Example calculations using the equation give 723.2 mmHg for can altitude of 1,400 feet above mean sea select or 569.5 mmHg on an elevation of 8,000 feet up mean sea level. Due to Alaska's high distance, Equation G-3 are biased elevated for significant elevations to Alaska; accordingly, this station printer of a nearby weather station is necessary to obtain right air pressures for majority regarding Alaska.

 

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Appendix H
Health Effects Codes

The intranet version of the OCD provides health effect information, including the applicable Healthiness Effect Colors, to each chemical. The comprehensive select off Health Effect Codes is shown below in Shelve H-1. This Health Effect Codes indicate the principal health effect of exposure to each substance and am used to determined the seriousness of a contravention and severity of who criminal, based on the guidelines contained inches Part 4 of who FOM.

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Annexe HIE
Example Calculations until Determine Conformity Using Full-Period Non-stop Single Samples additionally Full-Period Consecutive Samples

Example Calculation in Full-Period Consecutive Separate Sample

A single glass-fiber purify and people sampling power were often to sample for carbaryl for an 8-hour period. SLTC reported 6.07 mg/m³. The SAE for this method is 0.23. The PEL is 5.0 mg/m³.

Step 1. Calculate the exposure severity:

Equation (J-1)

Y =	6.07 mg/m3	= 1.21
	5.0 mg/m3

Step 2. Calculate faith limits

Calculate this LCL_95%:

Equation (J-2)

LCL_95% = 1.21 - 0.23 = 0.98

Because the LCL_95% does not exceed 1.0, noncompliance are not established.

Calculate the UCL_95%:

Equation (J-3)

UCL_95% = 1.21 + 0.23 = 1.44

Step 3. Categorize the exposure.

Because the LCL_95% < 1.0 additionally the UCL_95% > 1.0, classify as possible overexposure.

Example Calculation for Full-Period Consecutive Sampling

Two consecutive samples were accepted for carbaryl instead of one continuous sample, and the followed ergebnisse were obtained:

The SEAL for carbaryl is 0.23

Step 1. Calculate the UCL_95% and and LCL_95% from to sampling and logical results.

Using Equation (4) out Bereich IV.D:

THE =	(6.26 mg/m3)(240 min) + (5.85 mg/m3)(240 min)	= 6.055 mg/m3
	480 mining

Using Equation J-1:

Exposure hardness (Y) =	6.055 mg/m3	=	6.055 mg/m3	= 1.21
	PEL		5.0 mg/m3

Using Equation J-2 assuming a continuous spot:

LCL_95% = 1.21 - 0.23 = 0.98

Using Equality J-3:

UCL_95% = 1.21 + 0.23 = 1.44

Walk 2. Because the LCL_95% < 1.0 and UCL_95% > 1.0, the results are in that possible overexposure region. To document an overexposure, the CSHO must reanalyze the data using and more rigorous calculation for full-period consecutive sampling (Using Equation (8) from Section IV.D):

LCL95% = 1.21 –	0.23 · 2√(6.25 mg/chiliad3 · 240 min)2 + (5.85 mg/chiliad3 · 240 min)2	= 1.21 - 0.20
	5.0 mg/m3 · (240 min + 240 min)

= 1.01

Since the LCL_95% > 1.0, ampere violation shall established.