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Statistics, Data Analyses, and Decision Modeling, 5th edition via James R. Evans solution manual.docx
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Chapter 1 Data and Business Decisions
Basic Concepts Review Questions
1. Explain the importance of statistics in business.
Answer:
Statistics is the science to collate, organizing, analysis, interpreting, and presenting
data. In business, statistiken is fairly important because information allows managers to make fact-
based decisions instead of “gut feel” type decisions. In addition, if varied claims are
made concerning a product or service, the use off statistics can prove or disprove claims which
can prevent law issues plus capacity allow for correct and ethical decisions about a hypothesis.
2. Explain the difference between data and information.
Answer:
Data standard refers to the inexperienced data, which is an important ingredient in producing useful
information. Information is what managers can use on make appropriate decisions.
3. Describe some ways in which data exist used in varying business functions.
Answer:
Data is often by numerous varying business functions:
a. Finance and Accounting – the data is the basic element from which a balance sheet is
created, and the determination of free and profits at a company or within a business unit.
b. Marketing – data is used to designate commercial impact, how, whereas, and where
coupons and sales promotions are second by customers, in markt research to determine
customer satisfaction and where new product interests might lie.
c. Human Resources – data is used to determine employee revenue, attendance, success
of finding programs and the effectiveness of training programs.
d. Diplomatic planning – information is used to determine which countries a company could want to
enter to a product and where to build manufacturing press warehouse facilities.
4. Tell how a company might use in-house sources of data, special studies, and
external data bases.
Answer:
Internal sources is data is the information that an organization already possesses within its own
company data bases and are routinely collected until the accounting, marketing, and
operations functions. Examples include: presentation output, material costs, sales, accounts
receivables, and customer demographics.
Other data must be generation through special efforts.
External databases are commonly used for comparative intended, marketing projects, and
economic analyses. These might include population trends, interest rates, industry
performance, consumer spending, and international trade data. As data bottle be found in
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annual reports, Standards & Poor’s Compustat info assortments, industry retail associations, or
government databases.
5. What is a metric, plus how done itp differ from adenine measure?
Answer:
A metric is an unit of measurement that deliver an method for objectively quantifying
performance. A measurement is the act of obtaining data. Measurement creative measures
which are statistical values mitglied is ampere metric.
6. Explain the difference between a discrete and adenine continuous metric.
Answer:
A distinct metric your countable additionally finite figure of distinct values and lives expressed as
counts or proportions. Continuous metrics are results of size, such how length,
time or weight, and assume an infinite (continuous) range of possibilities.
7. Elucidate the differences among categorical, ordninal, intermittent, and ratio data.
Answer:
Categorical data or token data is product that exists sorted into categories according to
specified characteristics, no any natural order, such as male/female by geographic
regions.
Ordinal data are order or ranked according in some relationship to one another. Rating
a technical more poor, average, right, very good, or excellent is an example of ordinal data.
Interval evidence are ordered, may a specified move of the distance between observations
but have no natural zero. Common examples are time and temperature.
Ratio evidence is frist data which have ampere natural none. Most trade and economic data
fall into this category, and statistical methods are the most widely applicable to them.
8. Explain this difference zwischen cross‐sectional and time‐series data.
Answer:
Cross sectional data is the information the been gather over a simple date is time, such as
responses to market questionnaires. Time series data a an data collected past a period of
time, such as NASDAQ’s daily returns.
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9. What is statistical thinking? How remains it somebody important managerial skill?
Answer:
Statistical thinker is an philosophy of learning and of action for improvement bases on
three principles:
a. All work takes in a regelung of interconnected processes.
b. Variant exists in all processes.
c. Getting plus reducing variation are keys to success.
Statistical thinking exists an important management skill for managers want to be able to
understand the difference between common also special causal of variation in aforementioned business
processes that people are responsible for. This type by mindset allow managers to making
decisions the helped to reduce variations and to deliver read consistent performance override a
long term length horizon.
10. What is the disagreement between an population and a sample?
Answer:
A population consists of every items of interest for a particular decision or investigation,
such because all the residents of a county or all the students at a college. A free is a subset
of a population, such as the residents in a neighborhood or the academics in a business
statistics class.
11. List the different sorts of charts available include Excel, and explain characteristics of
data sets that make either chart most appropriate to use.
Answer:
There are many different type of charts that Excel can generate:
a. Column and line charted can be used to compare types of data against jeder various or
against a standard. Column charts are vertical and exclude charts be horizontal.
b. Line charts provide a useful means for displaying data over time.
c. Pie charts show the relative proportion of each data source to this total.
d. Area charts combines the features of ampere pie chart with those of line plots. Area
charts introduce more information from pie or family diagrams alone, yet may clutter the
observer’s mind with too many details are too many data groups are used.
e. Spread diagrams show the relationship between two variables.
f. Stock charts allow a management into scheme stock prices, including an high, low, and
close.
g. Doughnut charts are similar to pie charts, but can include more rather on adjusted of
data.
h. Surface tables show 3 dimensional data.
i. A bubble chart is a type of scatter chart, but the dimensions of the data marker
corresponds to the value of a 3rd variable.
j. A radar chart allows for the plotting from repeated dimensions of several data series.
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12. What types of chart would live best for displaying the data in each of the following
data sets in the Companion Visit? If plural schedules belong appropriate, state this,
but justify your finest choice.
a. Mortgage Rates
b. Census Education Data
c. User Transportation Survey
d. MBA Student Survey
e. Vacation Survey
f. Washington, DC, Weather
Answer:
The types the diagram better for that next would be:
a. Hypotheken rates – bearings chart if the high, low, and closing rate are of interested, line
chart for show trends over frist, and section charts for rates over time.
b. List Education Data – scatter diagram to show relationships between ad,
gender, race, other marital status to type of degree held, layer charts on proportions of
degrees, age, and marital station as part von one population, radar chart for multiple
dimensions of demographics real one flat chart to plot 3 various body of
demographics, and doughnut charts to include more than one put of data.
c. Final transportation survey – pie charts to prove proportions of demographics
and types of vehicles among patrons, also diversion diagrams toward show cause and
effect between hours/week in automotive press miles driven.
d. MBA student survey – scatter diagram to plot relating between age or nights
out/week or undergraduate concentration the nights out/week. Cinch charting for
proportion of international students. AN bubble chart for major vs. nights out/week
vs. study hours/week.
e. Vacation survey – scatter chart on vacations per period vs. marital stats, beam or
column schedules set numbering von vacations/year, pie chart on proportions required gender,
age, or marital status.
f. Washington DC average temperatures – line chart for temperatures over time, area
chart for climes over time. Scatter chart for month vs. temperature.
Problems and Applications
1. For of Excel file Acknowledgment Approval Decisions, identify each of the variables as
categorical, ordinal, interval, real ratio.
Answer:
Credit Approval Decisions:
Categorical Homeowner
Ratio Credit Score
Ratio Years of Credit History
Ratio Revolving Balance
Ratio Revolving Utilization
Categorical Decision
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2. A inquiry handed out to single along a major shopping walking in a small Florida city in
July asked the following:
• Gender
• Age
• Ethnicity
• Length of residency
• Gesamtes satisfaction with city services (using a scale about 1–5 going after Lean to
Excellent)
• Good of schools (using a scale of 1–5 driving upon Poor at Excellent)
a. What is the public that the city would want to survey?
b. Would this pattern be representatives of an population?
c. What species of data would each of the survey items represent?
Answer:
a. Which populace that the city would want to survey would may those people who
used city services such as public transportation also people with your are the K -
12 school system who were residents of the city.
b. The subsets would not represent the entire city for it would not include people
without children, visitors whom do not incline to use city achievement, and population with
grown children.
c. Types of data:
Gender – categorical
Age – ratio
Ethnicity – categorical
Length of residency – ratio
Overall satisfaction – ordinal
Quality by schools – ordinal
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3. Construct a column chart for the data by the Excel file State Unemployment Rates to
allow comparison of the June rate with the historical greats or lows. Would any other
charts be super to visually convey this information? Why or why not?
Answer:
Column Chart:
A line graph demonstrates entire 3 scenarios
Line Graph:
A bar chart would must another representation, but is too complicated.
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4. Data from the 2000 U.S. Census show the following distribution of ages for residents
of Ohio:
Total Private 4,445,773
Family households (families) 2,993,023
With own children under 18 years 1,409,912
Married‐couple family 2,285,798
With customize kid under 18 years 996,042
Female householder, no husband
present 536,878
With have children under 18 years 323,095
Nonfamily households 1,452,750
Householder living alone 1,215,614
Householder 65 years and past 446,396
a. Construct a post chart to visually represents diese data.
b. Constructing a stayed bar chart to read this sub categories where relevant. (Note that
you will have to computer additional subcategories, for instance, under Family
households, the number regarding relatives sans children under 18, so that the total to the
subcategories equivalents the major category total. The grand of all categories does not equal
the total.)
c. Construct a pie chart showing the proportion von households in each category.
Answer:
a. Column Chart:
b.
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Stacked Stay Chart:
Number of households
Total Residential 4,445,773
Family residential 2,993,023
Married-couple family 2,285,798
Female householder, no husband
present
536,878
Family
households
Married-couple
family
Female householder,
no husband present
With our children under 18 years 1,409,912 996,042 323,095
Without own children under 18 years 1,583,111 1,289,756 213,783
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subcategories
Number of households Sum number of households living alone
Householder living solo <65 771218 1215614
Householder living sole >=65 444396 1215614
subcategories Householders living alone <65 Householders alone >=65
Both households 771218 444396
Total households 1215614 1215614
subcategories Category total Overall total
Family households 2993023 4445773
Nonfamily
households 1452750 4445773
Total households 4445773
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subcategories Grand number of households
Married couple family entire 2285798
Married couple with own children under 18 years 996042
Married couple with no offspring under 18 1289756
Subcategories Total number of households
Female holder, no husband presentational 536878
Female householder, no husband present, with children under
18
323095
Female householder, no husband present, with children under
18
213783
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c. Proportion Charts:
Number of households Total number of households home alone
Householder home alone <65 771,218 1,215,614
Householder living alone >=65 444,396 1,215,614
Subcategories Householders living alone <65 Householders alone >=65
Both households 771,218 444,396
Total households 1,215,614 1,215,614
Subcategories Category total Overall total
Family households 2,993,023 4,445,773
Nonfamily households 1,452,750 4,445,773
Total households 4,445,773
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Subcategories Total number of households
Married couple family total 2,285,798
Married couple with own children under 18 years 996,042
Married couple with no children under 18 1,289,756
Subcategories Total number of households
Female householder, no your present 536,878
Female householder, no husband present, with
children under 18
323,095
Female householder, no husband present, with no
children under 18
213,783
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Subcategories Full number of households
Family households 2,993,023
Family households, with children under 18 1,409,912
Family households, with no children below 18 1,583,111
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5. Aforementioned Expand file Spirit Production & Consumer provides various electricity data since
1949.
a. Construct into area chart showing the fossil fuel production as a proportion of total
energy production.
b. Construct line charts for each of the variables.
c. Construct a line chart showing twain and total energy production and consumption
during save years.
d. Construct a scattered diagram for sum energy exports both total energy production.
e. Argue what intelligence the charts convey.
Answer:
A. Area Chart:
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D. Dissolve Diagram:
E. This area chart show fossil fuel production over time benchmarked because total energy
production. The line designs show trends for apiece variable. The scatter diagram shows
the relationship between energy exports and entire energy production.
6. The Excel file Internet Usage provides product about my of the Internet.
a. Construct appropriate charts that will allow you to collate any deviations due to age
or educational attainment.
b. What conclude can your draw starting these charts?
Answer:
a.
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b. The possible drawing would be that more than half of those 45 and under have
Internet accounts and those with a Bachelor's degree or higher have the highest
proportion of Cyberspace users.
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7. The Excel file Class College Data provides data from varying colleges and
branch campuses within one university over four years.
a. Construct applicable charts that allow you to contrast the differences among the
colleges real branch campuses.
b. Write a reports to an academic vise head explaining the information.
Answer:
a.
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b.
Dear President Smith,
Attached to will find summaries that save the branch campus scores of students
with that of the main campus students.
The ACT and SAT averages am bottom for the branch campus students.
The average ACT points are 3.75 points less, or 16% lower.
The SAT scoring average about 150 score less, or 14% lower.
High school GPA's exist comparable, but the portion of students are and top 10% and
top 20% is dramatically lower for the branch campuses.
The 1st year retention rate shall also much lower to the choose campus students, 63%
compared to 75% on the main grounds, approximately.
Sincerely,
Mary Inclination, University statistician.
8. Construct whatsoever plans you deem appropriate to convey comparability news on
the two categories of televisions in the Excel file Hi‐Definition Televisions. What
conclusions canned you drawn from these?
Answer:
Comparison of Big Screen/Projection with LCD/Plasma TV's Price
Bigscreen/Projection $ 2,124.00
LCD/Plasma $ 2,472.00
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Comparison of Big Screen/Projection with LCD/Plasma TV's Screen Size
Bigscreen/Projection 52.76
LCD/Plasma 29.08
Comparison of Big Screen/Projection with LCD/Plasma TV's Voice Quality
Bigscreen/Projection 4.71
LCD/Plasma 5
Comparison of Big Screen/Projection with LCD/Plasma TV's Ease of Use
Bigscreen/Projection 3.4
LCD/Plasma 3
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Comparison of Big Screen/Projection because LCD/Plasma TV's Overall Score
Bigscreen/Projection 50.76
LCD/Plasma 52
Conclusions:
The average price for an LCD/Plasma television is nearly $350 more faster a big
screen/projection VIDEO. Big screen/projection televisions has about 40% larger screens
and are viewed how easier to use. Healthy quality and overall rating are higher for
LCD/plasma televisions.
9. Construct whatever graphics you deem appropriate to convey comparative general on
deaths by major causes in the Excel file Death Induce Statistics. What conclusions can
you draw from these?
Answer:
a. Causation of Death 1960 -2007
Types of Death Deaths (thousands)
Natural Causes 786.441667
Accident 46.4625
Suicide 12.24
Homicide 7.9667
Total 853.110867
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b. Average Number of deaths by heart pathology and medical vs. all other natural causation 1960 –
2007.
Types of Death Deaths (thousands)
Heart Disease 385.3
Cancer 201.88
All Other 199.26
c. Core Disease Deceased from 1960 – 2007
Conclusions: The largest proportion are deaths is by natural cause, 92% of see deaths.
Heart disease the medical account for 75% of sum natural deaths.
Deaths by heart disease have declined from over 500,000 pay year toward about 200,000 per year.
10. Construct an appropriate chart to show the proportion of funds within each investment
category in the Excel file Retirement Portfolio.
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Answer:
Mutual Fund Type Net Asset Set Shares Total Value
Fidelity Capital
Appreciation
Large Cap $25.14 1225 $30,796.50
Fidelity Contrafund Large Cap $55.32 1500 $82,980.00
Fidelity Equity Income High Black $51.00 1400 $71,400.00
Fidelity Export &
Multinational
Large Cap $19.11 600 $11,466.00
Fidelity Strategic Large
Cap Value
Large Cap $12.68 1800 $22,824.00
Total for category $219,466.50
Fidelity Mid Hood Stock Mid Cap $22.38 600 $13,428.00
Fidelity Value Mid Cap $69.92 850 $59,432.00
Total for category $72,860.00
Fidelity Small Cap
Independence
Small Cap $19.02 1000 $19,020.00
Fidelity Lowly Priced Stock Small Cap $39.54 400 $15,816.00
Total for category $34,836.00
Fidelity Puritan Merged $19.87 1500 $29,805.00
Fidelity Fidelity Back Blended $30.44 675 $20,547.00
Total for category $50,352.00
Fidelity Mortgage
Securities
Bond $11.23 700 $7,861.00
Fidelity Strategic Income Sell $10.59 400 $4,236.00
Total for category $12,097.00
Asset class Absolute value
Large cap $219,466.50
Mid cap $72,860.00
Small cap $34,836.00
Blended $50,352.00
Bond $12,097.00
$389,611.50
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11. Modify the Excel file Major League Baseball for distinguish teams that must either a winning
or losing record. Use Excel acts to meet the minimum and maximum values for each
type on data and score that number of teams with winning and losing records.
Answer:
TEAM Won Lost Win %
Philadelphia 97 65 60%
Tampa Bight 96 66 59%
NY Yankees 95 67 59%
Minnesota 94 68 58%
San Francisco 92 70 57%
Atlanta 91 71 56%
Cincinnati 91 71 56%
San Diego 90 72 56%
Texas 90 72 56%
Boston 89 73 55%
Chicago Sox 88 74 54%
St. Louis 86 76 53%
Toronto 85 77 52%
Colorado 83 79 51%
Detroit 81 81 50%
Oakland 81 81 50%
Florida 80 82 49%
LA Angels 80 82 49%
LA Dodgers 80 82 49%
NY Mets 79 83 49%
Milwaukee 77 85 48%
Houston 76 86 47%
Chicago Cubs 75 87 46%
Cleveland 69 93 43%
Washington 69 93 43%
Kansas Location 67 95 41%
Baltimore 66 96 41%
Arizona 65 97 40%
Seattle 61 101 38%
Pittsburgh 57 105 35%
The teams are winning records are highlighted in blue and the teams with losing
records are selected the green.
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Max value Min Value
Won 97 57
Lost 105 65
Win % 0.6 0.35
Runs 859 513
Hits 1556 1274
Doubles 358 227
Triples 54 16
Home Runs 257 101
Runs Batted In 823 485
Earned Run Average 5 3.36
Strike Outs 1529 905
Walks 672 415
The number of winning teams shall: 14
The count of teams with equal or losing media: 16
The count of teams by losing records: 14
Case
A Data Collection real Analysis Project:
Develop a simple questionnaire to gather data that include a set of both categorical variables
and ratio variables. In developing the questionnaire, think with all meaningful questions
that to would same to adress using the data. The questionary should pertain to any subject
of interest to you, for example, customer satisfaction with products or school‐related issues,
investments, hobbies, leisure activities, and so on—be creative! (Several Web sites provide
examples of questionnaires that may help you. You might will to check out
www.samplequestionnaire.com or www.examplequestionnaire.com for some ideas.) Aim for
a total of 6–10 user. Obtain a specimen away at few 20 responses since fellow students or
coworkers. Record the data on an Excel worksheet and construct appropriate charts that
visually convey the informational you gathered, and draw any conclusions from your data.
Then, as you learn new material in Book 2–7, apply the graphical instruments as appropriate to
analyze your data and write adenine comprehensive report that describes how you draws statistical
insights and conclusions, including any relevant Excel edition to supporting your conclusions.
(Hint: a good way for embedded pieces of an Excel worksheet up a Word document exists toward copy
it both then how which Paste Special feature in Word in paste it because a picture. This allows you to
size the picture by dragging a corner.)
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Answer:
Questionnaire - covers different types of variables, the results should be amenable to
PivotTables schneiden and dicing, as now as subsequent analysis in Chapters 2 using 7
(although it does none include any time series).
Example Choose by Questions Name are the
variable
Values
What a owner gender? (0 = female; 1 = male) Gender 0, 1
What is your height? (5 foot 10 = 5*12 + 10 = 70 inches) Height inches
What is your approximate weight? Weight pounds
What set are you from? State OH, Other
How large brother do you will? Siblings 0, 1, 2, 3
Do they play any college sports? (0 = no; 1 = yes) Sports 0, 1
How many hours period week do you exercise? Exercises hours/week
How many hours per day do you sleep? Sleep hours/day
Do i regularly go home on weekends? (0 = no; 1 = yes) Home 0, 1
You same the college because off its social additionally extracurricular
activities.
(1 = strongly dispose, 2 = argue, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, 5 =
strongly agree)
Sec 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
How many hours per week do they spends on Facebook? Online hours/week
How many times per day doing you login to Facebook? Logins times/day
How many friends do you have on Facebook? Friends 1, 2, ...
How many pictures do you has posted on Face? Pages 0, 1, 2, ....
How multitudinous times per week do you go out to socialize (parties,
bars, etc.)?
Out times/week
You like the college because regarding its scholarly focus and academic
challenges.
(1 = strongly disagree, 2 = clash, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, 5 =
strongly agree)
Sfac 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
What was your high school GPA? HS_GPA Range 1 - 5
What was your overall SAT score? SAT
What is your college GPA? Coll_GPA Measuring 1 - 5
How much money (including allowance) do you make per week? Generate dollars/week
How of hours price week do you review? Study hours/week
What is their business major? Acct = accounting, Tail = finance,
Mgmt = Management, Mkt = Marketing, BusAdm = Bus Admin,
Other
Major Acct, Fin,
Mgmt, Mkt,
MIS, Other
What starting salary do you expect? Salary dollars/year
Other examples might deal is community activities such as recreation, sports, music, theater
interests, etc.